说明
    《欧洲侵权行为法基本原则》[1]是一个由意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙、比利时、德国、法国、英国、荷兰、瑞典、瑞士、希腊、奥地利等欧洲国家和欧洲侵权行为和保险法律中心，以及南非、以色列、美国等国的侵权行为法学者和法官构成的称作“欧洲侵权行为法团体”（European Group on Tort Law）的组织[2]草拟的一个旨在谋求协调欧洲各国侵权行为法的建议稿。正如该原则的草拟者所指出：“本原则不是单纯地重复欧洲侵权行为法一般的共同核心内容，而是一个建设性的，对侵权行为责任广泛系统的前瞻性的建议。在参考这个原则时需要联系现存的政体制度。本原则的意图是汇集学术和实务当中的讨论意见，希望能够提供一个指导性的纲要，以服务于国家立法，从而促进欧洲各国法律的逐渐协调”[3]。
    虽然称为“欧洲侵权行为法基本原则”（以下称“基本原则”）但从它的参加者并不限于欧洲的法律工作者这一点也可以清楚地看到，这个原则的意义也决不会仅限于欧洲。随着国际市场的不断扩大和发展，各国之间的经济交流和民间往来日趋频繁，这必然会促使各国法律，特别是私法规定进一步地趋于一致。这样，参照和学习外国的法律，吸取其他国家的成功经验，使本国的法律实现国际化就成为世界各国立法活动中的一项重要任务。侵权行为法作为私法的重要构成部分，当然也不可能例外。
    这个基本原则体现出的草拟者的法规编纂指导思想和具体做法，对我国的侵权行为立法很有借鉴意义，这里仅举以下例子作简略说明：
    （1）条文繁简得当具有足够涵盖性
    任何法律无论规定得多么详细，都不可能将所有的具体社会现象囊括无遗，但同时，法律的基本原则又必须能够涵盖社会一定发展阶段上的所有社会问题。因此，不同层次的立法具有与其定位相当的繁简程度和法条概念所具备涵盖性对立法的严谨性和法律适用时的具体操作尤为关键。特别是侵权行为法，它规范的是民法当中最活跃的部分，即人的行为。只有条文繁简得当，具备足够的涵盖性，才能妥当地规范某一领域内人的行为，而不会因过于简单而有所疏漏，或者因失于细密而束缚人的活动自由，甚至发生规定之间相互矛盾的麻烦。基本原则的草拟者高超地把握了作为民事基本法之一部分的侵权行为法规定的繁简程度，法条的概念具有足够涵盖性，这样就使基本原则的规定都能够成为法官以创造精神积极对应活生生的现实社会的依据。
    （2）人格权保护的重视
    人格权保护的不断加强是一种世界性的趋势。基本原则充分体现了这一趋势：人格权（生命、身体或精神上的完整性，人的尊严和人身自由）的保护范围最广泛；与公共利益同样地，行为人行动自由与权利的行使方面的利益得到考虑；非财产损害赔偿尤其适用于受害人遭受人身伤害或人的尊严、自由或其他人格权利的侵害的情况，并同样可以适用于与遭受致命或严重非致命伤害的受害人有亲近关系的人。基本原则在保护范围上对人格权作出的这些细密规定，无疑是与宪法和刑法等公法上的宣示相辅相成地在私法层面上宣示了对人格权的保护，并清楚地显示了债权法对人格权保护提供切实的财产性保障的特性。正如基本原则规定的那样，“损害赔偿也同样服务于预防损害的目的”，侵权责任解决的决不仅仅是财产性问题，损害赔偿以其特殊的机制发挥着预防侵权行为发生从而保护人格权的功能。
    （3）概念的严谨性
    基本原则中，没有使用“精神损害”的概念，而使用了财产损害、非财产损害的概念。这样处理是妥当的。精神损害只是非财产损害中的一部分，而且，人身损害既有财产上的，也有非财产上的，常常很难分清哪个部分是精神损害，哪个部分是物质损害。以精神损害对应财产损害显然是不妥当的。
    关于多个行为造成的损害，基本原则坚持了根据原因与损害的关系确定赔偿责任的原则，法官运用这种法理去审理案件，可以摆脱所谓“意思联络”是否成立共同侵权行为责任要件，这样一种“学理概念”（或者更确切地说是一种莫须有的教条）的困扰。法律规定不使用学术语言，以避免陷入学术的泥沼，这是基本原则草拟者的又一高明之处。
    基本原则是大陆法与普通法学者和法官共同草拟的，因此，选择使用了两大法系近似概念中更为妥当的概念，例如，“合理人（reasonable person）”，reasonable person（也可以译成“理智的人”或者“理性人”等），是指在某种情况下人被一般地合理地要求的行为标准，各种人在一定情况下被要求的行为标准成为判断过失有无的中心，并考虑其他因素；在由于行为人身心状况或由于特殊情况无法期待行为人遵守时，可做相应调整。这无疑给法官的创造性才能的发挥和损害赔偿纠纷案件的公平解决提供了极为有力的“解牛刀”。
    （4）原则的灵活性
    或许是由于基本原则是为欧洲各国准备的，而不是一个国家的立法，因此，显示了极大的灵活性。比如，关于危险责任，基本原则规定“具有导致损害的特有风险并且实际导致了损害”，“即使已尽实施该活动所有管理上应尽的注意，仍然会引起可预见的和极高的风险”，“并非一些通常的做法”等都可被认定为“异常危险”，并且规定，“国内法可以对更多种类的危险活动规定严格责任，即使该活动并非异常危险”。这些规定非常简洁明快，根据这些规定，法官可以灵活处理各种高度危险活动引发的损害赔偿纠纷案件，而不必先入为主地事先决定对哪一类活动应当适用“无过错责任”，哪一类应当适用“推定过错责任”等等。这样的规定作为裁判规范，对受害人的救济是非常有利的。以现实中的现象来看，我国民法通则第125条（施工人责任）与日本民法第716条（土地工作物责任）对施工损害虽然规定的都是过失推定的处理，但我国施工造成的他人损害（遗留物伤人、大坑积水溺死儿童等诸多案件）的惨剧时有发生，而日本此类案件甚少，原因就在于日本审判实务中法官的判决使得施工人无法证明其“已尽了必要的注意义务”。因此，每一个施工者都要安排人员切实保证每一位通行者的安全。这样，那种大企业造成损害不负责任，却由受害人对自己“没有注意”其施工标志而甘受损害后果的现象就无法存在。基本原则中有关异常危险责任的规定可以说是草拟者的又一精湛妙笔，令人叹为观止。
    当前，我国的民法典编纂活动即将进入侵权责任法的立法阶段。欧洲是大陆法和普通法这两大法系的发祥地，以欧洲学者为中心总结和研究现实侵权行为责任制度的理论与实践草拟的这个欧洲侵权行为法基本原则对我国的侵权责任立法与法学研究和司法实务的重要意义是不言自明的。以上几点只是译者肤浅的挂一漏万的例举而已。我们这里将此基本原则译出奉献给读者，相信学界的有识之士对其会有更加清楚的认识，能够发现其真正本质的精髓。
    
    
    
    

European Group on Tort Law		European Group on Tort Law
Principles of European Tort Law		欧洲侵权行为法基本原则
TITLE I. Basic Norm		第1篇 基本规范
Chapter 1. Basic Norm		第1章 基本规范
Art. 1:101. Basic norm		第1：101条 基本规范
(1) A person to whom damage to another is legally attributed is liable to compensate that damage.		(1) 给他人造成的损害由法律上被归责者负赔偿该损害之责任。
(2) Damage may be attributed in particular to the person		(2) 损害特别是可以被归责于以下人：
a) whose conduct constituting fault has caused it; or		a) 其构成过错的行为引起损害者；
b) whose abnormally dangerous activity has caused it; or		b) 或者从事异常危险活动的行为引起损害者；
c) whose auxiliary has caused it within the scope of his functions.		c) 或者其附属者在其职责范围内引起损害者。
TITLE II. General Conditions of Liability		第2篇 一般责任要件
Chapter 2. Damage		第2章 损害
Art. 2:101. Recoverable damage		第2：101条 可回复的损害
Damage requires material or immaterial harm to a legally protected interest.		损害必须是对受保护的法律上利益的物质上或非物质上的侵害。
Art. 2:102. Protected interests		第2：102条 受保护的利益
(1) The scope of protection of an interest depends on its nature; the higher its value, the precision of its definition and its obviousness, the more extensive is its protection.		(1) 受保护利益的范围取决于该利益的性质；利益价值越高，定义越精确，越显而易见，保护范围就越广泛。
(2) Life, bodily or mental integrity, human dignity and liberty enjoy the most extensive protection.		(2) 生命、身体或精神上的完整性，人的尊严和人身自由享受最广泛的保护。
(3) Extensive protection is granted to property rights, including those in intangible property.		(3) 广泛的财产权保护，包括那些无体资产。
(4) Protection of pure economic interests or contractual relationships may be more limited in scope. In such cases, due regard must be had especially to the proximity between the actor and the endangered person, or to the fact that the actor is aware of the fact that he will cause damage even though his interests are necessarily valued lower than those of the victim.		(4) 纯经济利益或者契约关系的保护范围可能受到更多的限制。在这种情况下，即使行为人的利益必然被评价为比受害人低，但仍然应当注意到行为人与遭受危险者的特别接近关系，或者行为人知道其行为将造成损害的特别的事实。
(5) The scope of protection may also be affected by the nature of liability, so that an interest may receive more extensive protection against intentional harm than in other cases.		(5) 保护范围也可受责任性质的影响，所以，对利益的保护在故意的加害的情况下要比在其他情况更广泛。
(6) In determining the scope of protection, the interests of the actor, especially in liberty of action and in exercising his rights, as well as public interests also have to be taken into consideration.		(6) 当确定保护范围时，还应考虑行为人的利益，特别是在行动的自由与权利的行使方面的利益，以及公共利益。
Art. 2:103. Legitimacy of damage		第2：103条 损害的合法性
Losses relating to activities or sources which are regarded as illegitimate cannot be recovered.		被认定为涉及不法的行为或来源的损失不能得到回复。
Art. 2:104. Preventive expenses		第2：104条 预防性费用
Expenses incurred to prevent threatened damage amount to recoverable damage in so far as reasonably incurred.		为预防可能发生的损害的威胁而发生的费用，只要是合理引起的就可以计入可回复的损害。
Art. 2:105. Proof of damage		第2：105条 损害的证明
Damage must be proved according to normal procedural standards. The court may estimate the extent of damage where proof of the exact amount would be too difficult or too costly.		损害必须是被依照正规的诉讼程序标准证明的。在证明损害的精确数额过于困难或费用过高时，法院可以评估损害的范围。
Chapter 3. Causation		第3章 因果关系
Section 1. Conditio sine qua non and qualifications		第1节 必要条件与限定性条件
Art. 3:101. Conditio sine qua non		第3：101条 必要条件
An activity or conduct (hereafter: activity) is a cause of the victim’s damage if, in the absence of the activity, the damage would not have occurred.		如果某行为或表现（以下称：行为）不存在，则损害就不会发生，那么该行为就是受害人损害的原因。
Art. 3:102. Concurrent causes		第3：102条 竞合的原因
In case of multiple activities, where each of them alone would have caused the damage at the same time, each activity is regarded as a cause of the victim’s damage.		如果存在多个行为，而其中每一行为单独地都可以同时引起损害，则每个行为都可被认定为受害人损害的原因。
Art. 3:103. Alternative causes		第3：103条 可选择的原因
(1) In case of multiple activities, where each of them alone would have been sufficient to cause the damage, but it remains uncertain which one in fact caused it, each activity is regarded as a cause to the extent corresponding to the likelihood that it may have caused the victim’s damage.		(1) 在存在多个行为，其中每一行为单独地都足以引起损害，但不能清楚确定事实上是哪一个引起了损害时，可根据每个行为引起受害人损害的相应范围的可能性认定其为受害人损害的原因。
(2) If, in case of multiple victims, it remains uncertain whether a particular victim’s damage has been caused by an activity, while it is likely that it did not cause the damage of all victims, the activity is regarded as a cause of the damage suffered by all victims in proportion to the likelihood that it may have caused the damage of a particular victim.		(2) 在有多数受害人，但不能清楚确定特定受害人的损害是否由某一行为引起时，即使该行为可能没有引起所有损害，也应根据该行为引起特定受害人的损害的可能性，认定其为所有受害人所遭受损害的原因。
Art. 3:104. Potential causes		第3：104条 潜在的原因
(1) If an activity has definitely and irreversibly led the victim to suffer damage, a subsequent activity which alone would have caused the same damage is to be disregarded.		(1) 如果某一行为明确地且不可避免地致使受害人遭受损害时，其后发生的另一行为即使可单独引起同样的损害，也不予以考虑。
(2) A subsequent activity is nevertheless taken into consideration if it has led to additional or aggravated damage.		(2) 如果随后发生的另一行为导致额外损害或加重损害，则仍必须加以考虑。
(3) If the first activity has caused continuing damage and the subsequent activity later on also would have caused it, both activities are regarded as a cause of that continuing damage from that time on.		(3) 如果第一个行为造成持续的损害，随后发生的另一行为也可能造成此损害，则从那个时间开始，这两个行为都被视为引起持续损害的原因。
Art. 3:105. Uncertain partial causation		第3：105条 不确定部分的因果关系
In the case of multiple activities, when it is certain that none of them has caused the entire damage or any determinable part thereof, those that are likely to have [minimally] contributed to the damage are presumed to have caused equal shares thereof.		在有多个行为，能够确定其中没有一个行为引起全部损害或任何可确定部分的损害的情况下，则那些（至少）可能引起损害的行为应被推定为引起了相同比例的损害。
Art. 3:106. Uncertain causes within the victim’s sphere		第3：106条 受害人领域内的不确定原因
The victim has to bear his loss to the extent corresponding to the likelihood that it may have been caused by an activity, occurrence or other circumstance within his own sphere.		受害人必须负担与由受害人领域内的活动、事件或其他情况引起的损害的可能性相对应的损失。
Section 2. Scope of Liability		第2节 责任范围
Art. 3:201. Scope of Liability		第3：201条 责任范围
Where an activity is a cause within the meaning of Section 1 of this Chapter, whether and to what extent damage may be attributed to a person depends on factors such as		当某行为构成本章第1节规定的原因时，损害是否可以以及在何种程度上能够被归责于某人，取决于下列因素：
a) the foreseeability of the damage to a reasonable person at the time of the activity, taking into account in particular the closeness in time or space between the damaging activity and its consequence, or the magnitude of the damage in relation to the normal consequences of such an activity;		a) 合理人在行为时对该损害的预见能力，特别要考虑加害行为与其结果在时间或空间上的接近性，或者与这种行为导致的通常结果相比较，该损害的严重性；
b) the nature and the value of the protected interest (Article 2:102);		b) 受保护利益的性质和价值（第2：102条） ；
c) the basis of liability (Article 1:101);		c) 责任基础（第1：101条） ；
d) the extent of the ordinary risks of life; and		d) 生活中通常风险的程度；以及
e) the protective purpose of the rule that has been violated.		e) 被违反的原则的保护目的。
TITLE III. Bases of Liability		第3篇 责任的基础
Chapter 4. Liability based on fault		第4章 基于过错的责任
Section 1. Conditions of liability based on fault		第1节 基于过错的责任的要件
Art. 4:101. Fault		第4：101条 过错
A person is liable on the basis of fault for intentional or negligent violation of the required standard of conduct.		任何人基于过错因故意或过失违反被要求的行为标准都要负责任。
Art. 4:102. Required standard of conduct		第4：102条 被要求的行为标准
(1) The required standard of conduct is that of the reasonable person in the circumstances, and depends, in particular, on the nature and value of the protected interest involved, the dangerousness of the activity, the expertise to be expected of a person carrying it on, the foreseeability of the damage, the relationship of proximity or special reliance between those involved, as well as the availability and the costs of precautionary or alternative methods.		(1) 被要求的行为标准是指合理人在其所处状况下所应遵守的标准。它特别取决于受保护利益的性质和价值，行为的危险性，行为人被期待的专业知识，损害的可预见性，关系人之间的亲近关系或特殊的依赖关系以及预防措施或者其他替代方法的可获得性及费用。
(2) The above standard may be adjusted when due to age, mental or physical disability or due to extraordinary circumstances the person cannot be expected to conform to it.		(2) 以上标准由于年龄、精神上或身体上的能力欠缺，或者由于特殊情况无法期待行为人遵守时，可相应调整。
(3) Rules which prescribe or forbid certain conduct have to be considered when establishing the required standard of conduct.		(3) 当确定被要求的行为标准时，应考虑规定或禁止某些行为的规则。
Art. 4:103. Duty to protect others from damage		第4：103条 保护他人免受损害的义务
A duty to act positively to protect others from damage may exist if law so provides, or if the actor creates or controls a dangerous situation, or when there is a special relationship between parties or when the seriousness of the harm on the one side and the ease of avoiding the damage on the other side point towards such a duty.		积极作为保护他人免受损害的义务存在于下列情况：法律有规定，或者行为人导致或控制危险情况，或者当事人之间存在特殊关系，或者一方面危害的严重性，另一方面避免损害的容易性均指向这一义务时。
Section 2. Reversal of the burden of proving fault		第2节 过错证明责任的倒置
Art. 4:201. Reversal of the burden of proving fault in general		第4：201条 一般的过错证明责任的倒置
(1) The burden of proving fault may be reversed in light of the gravity of the danger presented by the activity.		(1) 根据行为导致的危险程度，可将过错证明的责任倒置。
(2) The gravity of the danger is determined according to the seriousness of possible damage in such cases as well as the likelihood that such damage might actually occur.		(2) 该危险程度应当由在那种情况下可能发生的损害的严重性以及实际发生的可能性决定。
Art. 4:202. Enterprise Liability		第4：202条 企业责任
(1) A person pursuing a lasting enterprise for economic or professional purposes who uses auxiliaries or technical equipment is liable for any harm caused by a defect of such enterprise or of its output unless he proves that he has conformed to the required standard of conduct.		(1) 为经营长久的经济或专业性企业而使用辅助者或技术设备者，应对其企业或其产品的缺陷引起的任何损害负责任，除非他能证明他的行为遵守了所要求的标准。
(2) ?Defect“ is any deviation from standards that are reasonably to be expected from the enterprise or from its products or services.		(2) “缺陷”是指企业、其产品或其服务偏离人们合理地期待其达到的标准。
Chapter 5. Strict liability		第5章 严格责任
Art. 5:101. Abnormally dangerous activities		第5：101条 异常危险活动
(1) A person who carries on an abnormally dangerous activity is strictly liable for damage characteristic to the risk presented by the activity and resulting from it.		(1) 如某一异常危险活动具有导致损害的特有风险并且实际导致了损害，那么实施这一活动者应对这种损害负严格责任。
(2) An activity is abnormally dangerous if		(2) 某一特定活动在下列情况即为异常危险活动：
a) it creates a foreseeable and highly significant risk of damage even when all due care is exercised in its management and		a) 即使已尽实施该活动所有管理上应尽的注意，仍然会引起可预见的和极高的风险；
b) it is not a matter of common usage.		b) 并非一些通常的做法。
(3) A risk of damage may be significant having regard to the seriousness or the likelihood of the damage.		(3) 损害风险的高低视损害的严重性和发生的可能性而定。
(4) This Article does not apply to an activity which is specifically subjected to strict liability by any other provision of these Principles or any other national law or international convention.		(4) 本条不得适用于本原则其他条款、国内法或国际条约明确规定了严格责任的活动。
Art. 5:102. Other strict liabilities		第5：102条 其他严格责任
(1) National laws can provide for further categories of strict liability for dangerous activities even if the activity is not abnormally dangerous.		(1) 国内法可以对更多种类的危险活动规定严格责任，即使该活动并非异常危险。
(2) Unless national law provides otherwise, additional categories of strict liability can be found by analogy to other sources of comparable risk of damage.		(2) 除非国内法另有规定，可将本规定以类推方式适用于其他同类损害风险，从而增加严格责任种类。
Chapter 6. Liability for others		第6章 对他人的责任
Art. 6:101. Liability for minors or mentally disabled persons		第6：101条 对未成年人或精神障碍者的责任
A person in charge of another who is a minor or subject to mental disability is liable for damage caused by the other unless the person in charge shows that he has conformed to the required standard of conduct in supervision.		未成年人或精神障碍者的照管者，对其所照管的人引起的损害负责，除非照管者能够证明其照管行为遵守了所要求的标准。
Art. 6:102. Liability for auxiliaries		第6：102条 辅助者的责任
(1) A person is liable for damage caused by his auxiliaries acting within the scope of their functions provided that they violated the required standard of conduct.		(1) 任何人都应对其辅助者在职权范围内违反被要求的行为标准造成的损害负责任。
(2) An independent contractor is not regarded as an auxiliary for the purposes of this Article.		(2) 独立承揽人不作为本条的辅助者对待。
TITLE IV. Defences		第4篇 抗辩
Chapter 7. Defences in general		第7章 一般的抗辩
Art. 7:101. Defences based on justifications		第7：101条 基于正当化事由的抗辩
(1) Liability can be excluded if and to the extent that the actor acted legitimately		(1) 行为人在以下情况下的正当行为可被免责：
a) in defence of his own protected interest against an unlawful attack (self-defence),		a) 为保护其自身利益免受非法攻击（自卫），
b) under necessity,		b) 在不得已的情况下，
c) because the help of the authorities could not be obtained in time (self-help),		c) 因不能及时获得公权力机关救济（自力救助），
d) with the consent of the victim, or where the latter has assumed the risk of being harmed, or		d) 经受害人承诺，或者受害人接受被损害的风险，或者
e) by virtue of lawful authority, such as a licence.		e) 根据合法授权，如许可证。
(2) Whether liability is excluded depends upon the weight of these justifications on the one hand and the conditions of liability on the other.		(2) 能否被免责一方面取决于抗辩事由的重要性，另一方面取决于具体责任的条件。
(3) In extraordinary cases, liability may instead be reduced.		(3) 在特殊情况下，责任可予以减缩。
Art. 7:102. Defences against strict liability		第7：102条 对严格责任的抗辩
(1) Strict liability can be excluded or reduced if the injury was caused by an unforeseeable and irresistible		(1) 如损害是由以下不可预见和不可抗拒的原因引起的，则可减免严格责任：
a) force of nature (force majeure), or		a) 自然力（不可抗力），或
b) conduct of a third party.		b) 第三者行为
(2) Whether strict liability is excluded or reduced, and if so, to what extent, depends upon the weight of the external influence on the one hand and the scope of liability (Article 3:201) on the other.		(2) 严格责任是否可被减免，以及可以减到何种程度，一方面取决于外部的影响的重要性，另一方面取决于责任的范围（第3：201条） 。
(3) When reduced according to paragraph (1)(b), strict liability and any liability of the third party are solidary in accordance with Article 9:101 (1)(b).		(3) 当依据本条(1) （b） 项减缩责任时，严格责任与第三者的其他责任依据第9：101条(1) （b）项 为连带责任。
Chapter 8. Contributory conduct or activity		第8章 有作用的行为或活动
Art. 8:101. Contributory conduct or activity of the victim		第8：101条 受害人有作用的行为或活动
(1) Liability can be excluded or reduced to such extent as is considered just having regard to the victim’s contributory fault and to any other matters which would be relevant to establish or reduce liability of the victim if he were the tortfeasor.		(1) 在受害人对过错的作用和如果受害人是侵权人等其他影响确定或者减缩受害人责任的相关范围内，责任可被免除或减缩。
(2) Where damages are claimed with respect to the death of a person, his conduct or activity excludes or reduces liability according to para. 1.		(2) 损害赔偿涉及当事人死亡的，可依据本条（1）款根据该死亡者的行为或活动免除或减缩责任。
(3) The contributory conduct or activity of an auxiliary of the victim excludes or reduces the damages recoverable by the latter according to para. 1.		(3) 受害人的辅助者对损害的发生发挥作用的行为或活动，依据本条1，得免除或减缩受害人可被回复的赔偿金。
TITLE V. Multiple Tortfeasors		第5篇 多个侵权行为人
Chapter 9. Multiple Tortfeasors		第9章 多个侵权行为人
Art 9:101 Solidary and several liability: relation between victim and multiple tortfeasors		第9：101条 连带和单独的责任：受害人与多个侵权行为人的关系
(1) Liability is solidary where the whole or a distinct part of the damage suffered by the victim is attributable to two or more persons. Liability is solidary where:		(1) 受害人遭受的全部或可明确区分的部分损害可以归因于两个或两个以上行为人时，行为人负连带责任。下列情况下行为人负连带责任：
a) a person knowingly participates in or instigates or encourages wrongdoing by others which causes damage to the victim; or		a) 有意参与，或教唆、怂恿他人实施不法行为，致使受害人遭受损害者；或
b) one person’s independent behaviour or activity causes damage to the victim and the same damage is also attributable to another person.		b) 一人独立的行为或活动引起受害人的损害，而同一损害也可归因于另一人。
c) a person is responsible for damage caused by an auxiliary in circumstances where the auxiliary is also liable.		c) 在一个人的辅助者对所引起损害应负责任的情况下，该人对辅助者引起的损害负责任。
(2) Where persons are subject to solidary liability, the victim may claim full compensation from any one or more of them, provided that the victim may not recover more than the full amount of the damage suffered by him.		(2) 当数人承担连带责任时，只要赔偿总额不超过受害人所遭受损害，受害人可向其中任何一人或多人请求全部赔偿。
(3) Damage is the same damage for the purposes of paragraph (1)(b) above when there is no reasonable basis for attributing only part of it to each of a number of persons liable to the victim. For this purpose it is for the person asserting that the damage is not the same to show that it is not. Where there is such a basis, liability is several, that is to say, each person is liable to the victim only for the part of the damage attributable to him.		(3) 在无合理基础只将损害的一部分归责于对受害人负责任的数人中的每一个人时，损害与上述(1) （b） 款的损害相同。主张该损害与上述损害不同必须证明这种不同。只要有这种合理基础，责任就是单独的，即每人只对受害人损害中被归责于他的相应部分负责。
Art 9:102 Relation between persons subject to solidary liability		第9：102条 连带责任人的相互关系
(1) A person subject to solidary liability may recover a contribution from any other person liable to the victim in respect of the same damage. This right is without prejudice to any contract between them determining the allocation of the loss or to any statutory provision or to any right to recover by reason of subrogation [cessio legis] or on the basis of unjust enrichment.		(1) 承担了连带责任的人，可以向对受害人的同一损害负责任的任何一人追偿。这一权利不影响当事人之间决定损失分配的合同，或者任何法律规定，或者因法定代位（法定让与） 或基于不当得利的追偿权。
(2) Subject to paragraph (3) of this Article, the amount of the contribution shall be what is considered just in the light of the relative responsibility for the damage of the persons liable, having regard to their respective degrees of fault and to any other matters which are relevant to establish or reduce their liability. A contribution may amount to full indemnification. If it is not possible to determine the relative responsibility of the persons liable they are to be treated as equally responsible.		(2) 在不违反本条第(3)的条件下，该偿还额应根据各责任人对损害的相对责任，以及他们各自的过错程度和其他与确立或减缩其责任有关的事项，公平确定。偿还额可以是全额补偿。如果不能确定责任人的相对责任份额，就应按照负均等责任处理。
(3) Where a person is liable for damage done by an auxiliary under Article 9:101 he is to be treated as bearing the entire share of the responsibility attributable to the auxiliary for the purposes of contribution between him and any tortfeasor other than the auxiliary.		(3) 根据第9：101条对辅助者引起的损害承担责任的人，在他和除他的辅助者之外的其他侵权行为人的责任分配关系上，应当被认为承担其辅助者全部责任份额。
(4) The obligation to make contribution is several, that is to say, the person subject to it is liable only for his apportioned share of responsibility for the damage under this Article; but where it is not possible to enforce a judgment for contribution against one person liable his share is to be reallocated among the other persons liable in proportion to their responsibility.		(4) 偿还债务是分担的单独债务，即偿还债务人按照本条规定仅对损害中其应承担的部分负责任；但是，在无法对责任人中的一人执行判决所认定偿还义务时，他的分担部分应在其他责任人之间按他们应负责任的比例进行再分配。
TITLE VI. Remedies		第6篇 救济方式
Chapter 10. Damages		第10章 损害赔偿
Section 1. Damages in general		第1节 一般的损害赔偿
Art. 10:101. Nature and purpose of damages		第10：101条 损害赔偿的性质和目的
Damages are a money payment to compensate the victim, that is to say, to restore him, so far as money can, to the position he would have been in if the wrong complained of had not been committed. Damages also serve the aim of preventing harm.		损害赔偿是以货币方式赔偿受害人，即，在货币可能的范围内，使受害人回复到如果伤害未发生的状态。损害赔偿也同样服务于预防损害的目的。
Art. 10:102. Lump sum or periodical payments		第10：102条 一次性赔偿及定期支付偿
Damages are awarded in a lump sum or as periodical payments as appropriate with particular regard to the interests of the victim.		损害赔偿，应当根据受害人的利益，适当选择一次支付总额或定期支付。
Art. 10:103. Benefits gained through the damaging event		第10：103条 通过损害事件受益
When determining the amount of damages benefits which the injured party gains through the damaging event are to be taken into account unless this cannot be reconciled with the purpose of the benefit.		在决定损害赔偿金额时，必须计入受害方通过损害事件所获得的利益，除非这种做法与受益的目的不一致。
Art. 10:104. Restoration in kind		第10：104条 恢复原状
Instead of damages, restoration in kind can be claimed by the injured party as far as it is possible and not too burdensome to the other party.		只要可能，并且不会给另一方增加当事人过多的负担，受害人有权不要求损害赔偿而要求恢复原状。
Section 2. Pecuniary damage		第2节 财产损害
Art. 10:201. Nature and determination of pecuniary damage		第10：201条 财产损害的性质与确定
Recoverable pecuniary damage is a diminution of the victim’s patrimony caused by the damaging event. Such damage is generally determined as concretely as possible but it may be determined abstractly when appropriate, for example by reference to a market value.		可回复的财产损害指受害人在损害事件中遭受的财物的减少。这种损害通常应当尽量具体地确定，但在某些适当的情况下也可以抽象地加以确定，例如，参照市场价格。
Art. 10:202. Personal injury and death		第10：202条 人身伤害与死亡
(1) In the case of personal injury, which includes injury to bodily health and to mental health amounting to a recognised illness, pecuniary damage includes loss of income, impairment of earning capacity (even if unaccompanied by any loss of income) and reasonable expenses, such as the cost of medical care.		(1) 人身伤亡的情况，包括构成可识别的疾病的对身体健康和精神健康的伤害。财产损害包括收入损失，劳动能力的丧失（即使不伴随任何收入损失） 以及医疗费用等合理开支。
(2) In the case of death, persons such as family members whom the deceased maintained or would have maintained if death had not occurred are treated as having suffered recoverable damage to the extent of loss of that support.		(2) 在死亡的情况下，家庭成员等死者生前抚养或如果死亡未发生将抚养的人，可获得与其抚养丧失程度相等的赔偿。
Art. 10:203. Loss, destruction and damage of things		第10：203条 物的丧失、灭失和损坏
(1) Where a thing is lost, destroyed or damaged, the basic measure of damages is the value of the thing or the diminution in its value and for this purpose it is irrelevant whether the victim intends to replace or repair the thing. However, if the victim has replaced or repaired it (or will do so), he may recover the higher expenditure thereby incurred if it is reasonable to do so.		(1) 在物的丧失、灭失和损坏的情况下，损害赔偿的基本尺度是该物的价值或其价值的减少。损害赔偿的尺度与受害人是否想要替换或修理该物无关。但是，如果受害人已经（或决定） 替换或修理该物，只要是合理进行的，他因此而支出的更高费用就可以获得赔偿。
(2) Damages may also be awarded for loss of use of the thing, including consequential losses such as loss of business.		(2) 损害赔偿同样适用于对物的使用的丧失，包括因这种结果而产生的交易上的损失。
Section 3. Non-pecuniary damage		第3节 非财产损害
Art. 10:301. Non-pecuniary damage		第10：301条 非财产损害
(1) Considering the scope of its protection (Article 2:102), the violation of an interest may justify compensation of non-pecuniary damage. This is the case in particular where the victim has suffered personal injury; or injury to human dignity, liberty, or other personality rights. Non-pecuniary damage can also be the subject of compensation for persons having a close relationship with a victim suffering a fatal or very serious non-fatal injury.		(1) 考虑利益的保护范围（第2：102条）时，可以要求对受侵害利益做出非财产损害赔偿，这尤其适用于受害人遭受人身伤害或人的尊严、自由或其他人格权利的侵害的情况。非财产损害赔偿同样可以适用于与遭受致命或严重非致命伤害的受害人有亲近关系的人。
(2) In general, in the assessment of such damages, all circumstances of the case, including the gravity, duration and consequences of the grievance, have to be taken into account. The degree of the tortfeasor’s fault is to be taken into account only where it significantly contributes to the grievance of the victim.		(2) 在确定这种损害赔偿时一般应考虑该案的所有情况，包括该痛苦的严重性、持续时间和后果。侵权行为人的过错程度只有在对造成受害人的痛苦起到了显著作用时才加以考虑。
(3) In cases of personal injury, non-pecuniary damage corresponds to the suffering of the victim and the impairment of his bodily or mental health. In assessing damages (including damages for persons having a close relationship to deceased or seriously injured victims) similar sums should be awarded for objectively similar losses.		(3) 在人身伤害的情况下，非财产损害应与受害人的苦楚及其身体或精神健康损伤相符。在确定损害赔偿时（包括因与死亡或受重伤的受害人有亲近关系的人的损害），客观上相似的损失应给予相似的总额。
Section 4. Reduction of damages		第4节 损害赔偿的减缩
Art. 10:401. Reduction of damages		第10：401条 损害赔偿的减缩
In an exceptional case, if in light of the financial situation of the parties full compensation would be an oppressive burden to the defendant, damages may be reduced. In deciding whether to do so, the basis of liability (Article 1:101), the scope of protection of the interest (Article 2:102) and the magnitude of the damage have to be taken into account in particular.		在例外的情况下，如果根据当事人的经济状况，全部赔偿将对被告形成难以承受的负担，损害赔偿可以减缩。判断是否减缩损害赔偿，特别要根据责任基础（第1：101条）、该利益的保护范围（第2：102条） 和损害的大小。