台湾《法制史研究》第十一期出版

    論  著 劉馨珺 宋代判決斷由中「檢法擬筆」的原則
    阿風 略論清代民事訴訟過程中婦女的身分與地位
    陳麗君 清代俠義公案小說的正義詩學
    孫家紅 清代「秋審文類」述論
    研究討論 仁井田陞著
    李力譯 敦煌發現《十王經圖卷》所見刑法史料
    王瑞峰 《刑案彙覽三編》中的「罪名」——兼論對中國傳統律典中「罪名」的解讀
    吳佩林 清季官代書研究—以《清代四川南部縣衙門檔案》為中心的考察
    法制人物 劉怡君 融通實務與教育的法學大家——記端木愷先生
    書　　評 馬劍銀 法律文化的「常」與「變」——兼評黃源盛先生《法律繼受與近代中國法》
    法制史料介紹 西英昭 中華民國法制史研究會經緯——資料的整理與介紹
    
    
    宋代判決文書中「檢法擬筆」的原則
    劉馨珺
    
    摘 要
    
    本文探討宋代獄訟結案的程序，歸納「檢法擬筆」相關的法規及要件，分析斷由與擬筆的作用與訴訟風氣，進一步考察地方行政官僚的審判方式、職能，從中瞭解行政官僚的司法業務及其角色。
    
    宋代獄訟判決最後一道程序，稱為「結絕」。不論刑獄或民訟的結案，都必須交付當事人一件具備「情與法」的判決文。官員書寫判決時，可以透過行政作業，取得歷來相關的「擬筆」，作為結絕的重要參考。如果案涉入獄推鞫，獄官的擬狀和法司的檢斷皆屬擬筆文書。而獄官的鞫狀只能書寫入獄者的口供，不可預設事狀招供；法司的檢擬則必須具引與事狀相關的法令條文，但不可妄下判斷。與其說宋代的判決是由「檢法官」協助讞罪，不如說各部門中「擬筆官」的看法，更有助於審判官員的結絕斷案。
    
    宋代以下，中國民間社會爭訟頻繁，官府並未採取科罰的處理態度，反而在受詞追證程序上改進，朝向有「理」可循的發展，當人民愈發流行以投牒告狀解決紛爭，因而產生若干互動性的審判制度。南宋高宗以後，朝廷規定「婚田差役」一類的訴訟必給「斷由」。斷由相當於重罪「議法斷刑」的讞狀，亦即某一衙門的結絕判語。審判官員結絕時，受「斷罪引律令格式」的法律制約，亦即針對犯罪事實，必須援引相關法條。宋朝法律多如牛毛，「戶婚差役」案件的審理，並非以懲罰最終目，國法也不是用來支持審判官員科刑而已。因此，宋代地方衙門為了因應健訟風氣，避免行政錯失，於是加強「檢法擬筆」的機制。
    
    就「檢法擬筆」的作用而言，一是優秀的擬筆者檢用法令，會將儒學經典發揮於法意運用。二是擬筆者僅能查錄法條，不能做斷刑處分。三是反覆釐清案情，擬出若干處置情況，提供長官定奪。四是擬判重點不在於定罪，而是注重案情分析，並且提供證據與法理充分的意見。五是檢具「不受理法條」，阻止健訟者「不應為」的妄訴行為。
    
    地方幕職州縣佐官處理「獄訟」時，連帶負責「檢法擬筆」職能。各級地方衙門倘能要求屬官到公廳「集眾較量」，有助於議斷疑案，解決滯訟。在宋代官制設計中，訂定「檢法擬筆」原則，促使地方官僚歷經各種審判程序的訓練，有助於提升地方知州、縣令等長官的素質。「檢法擬筆」的規範也影響了縣衙吏人的職能趨向專職、分工化。固然宋代的吏治中，有墮落的官員，還有胥吏管理問題叢生，但是「檢法擬筆」的實施，應是宋代法制發展史上，不可忽略的一環節。
    關鍵字：斷由、檢法擬筆、鞫讞、脫判、不受理法條
    
    The Principle of “Citing Enactments to Draft Judgment Texts” in Court Verdicts in Song Dynasty
    Liu, Hsin-chun
    
    Abstract
    
    This article investigates the procedure of settling a lawsuit and the function of court verdicts and judgment drafts as well as the practice of litigations by analyzing the legal documents pertaining to the system of “jianfa nibi” (Citing Enactments to Draft Judgment Texts) in Song Dynasty.This article also examines the local administrative bureaucrats in terms of their role and function in handling judicial cases.
    
    The final procedure of handling legal cases in Song Dynasty was called “Jiejue,” in which the officials concluded a verdict by taking human sympathy and laws into account.When rendering the verdict of both criminal and civil cases, the officials would consult all past related judgment drafts as references.If imprisonment was involved in an inquisition by torture, both prison officers’ interrogations and judges’ prosecution reports were regarded as “judgment drafts.”Theoretically the previous recorded only prisoner’s affidavit without being adulterated with guided confession, and the later cited applicable laws and decrees without being compromised by personal opinions.In this regard, the settlement of a lawsuit in Song Dynasty relied heavily upon the opinions of thee “legal drafters” from all departments rather than the judgments of judicatory officials.
    
    Though the exercise of litigation appeared booming in Chinese society since the Song Dynasty, the government didn’t invoke penalty to prevent it. Instead, the government endeavored to improve legal procedures and nomological reasoning. Consequently the conditions of people tending to solve their disputes by means of lawsuits became several interactive judging systems.. After Emperor Gaozong of Southern Song, the Court stipulated that the court verdicts should be provided on disputes pertaining to marriage, grounds, and employment. Court verdicts equal to the count of the felony: “Resolving Laws to Sentence”, namely a judgment wording of settling a lawsuit at certain district Yamens (the government offices).In order to conclude a verdict, judges were required to quote related enactments according to corpus delicti. However, as innumerable as the enactments in Song Dynasty were, the purposes of judging cases such as marriage, grounds, and employment weren’t aiming at penalty, and even the national laws were not merely supporting judge officers to sentence. In order to prevent litigiosity and administrative errors as well, the system of “Citing Enactments to Draft Judgment Texts” was thus put into practice in the local Yamens.
    
    As far as the function of “Citing Enactments to Draft Judgment Texts” to be concerned, ideally efficient drafters would citing and elaborating related arguments from the Confucian classics.Drafters could only consult the laws, and have no right to conclude verdicts.They should instead examine every detail of the cases and offer solutions to all possible scenarios for their superiors to decide.The key function of the draft judgment was, instead of concluding a verdict, to provide analysis of the cases with all nomological considerations.Last but not least, the complaint-rejected ordinances could be used to prevent litigiosity.
    
    Local officials like prefects and county magistrates also took charge of the exercise of “Citing Enactments to Draft Judgment Texts” while dealing with criminal and civil cases.It was helpful for the officials of local Yamens to gather their subordinates and deliberate together on those doubtful and disputed cases.The practice of “Citing Enactments to Draft Judgment Texts” could help training local officials by going through these legal procedures and therefore enhance their ability as local prefects and county magistrates. Arguably such practice also resulted in specialization and departmentalization of the local governments. To sum up, even though there have always been management problems of corrupt bureaucrats and petty officials, the practice of “Citing Enactments to Draft Judgment Texts” was, by any means, an essential part that could never be overlooked in the development of legal systems in Song Dynasty.
    
    Keywords: Court verdict, Drafting judgment texts referring to enactments, To interrogate and adjudicate, False court verdict, Complaint-rejected ordinance
    
    
    
    
    略論清代民事訴訟過程中婦女的身分與地位
    阿風
    
    摘 要
    
    本文首先分析了唐宋至明清時代，國家法律對於女性涉訟規定的變化。其次以清代的地方訴訟檔案為中心，考察民事訴訟過程中，婦女的身分與地位。
    
    關鍵字：清代、民事訴訟、婦女地位
    
    
    The Status and Rights of Women during the process of Civil Litigation in Qing Dynasty
    A, Feng
    
    Abstract
    
    The paper first examines the changing regulations regarding women's status in civil litigation from the Tang and Song periods to the Ming and Qing periods. Secondly, using judgments litigation documents from Qing periods, the paperinvestigates the role of women as plaintiffs and defendants in the litigation process.
    
    
    
    
    清代俠義公案小說的正義詩學
    陳麗君
    
    摘 要
    
    晚清小說中，俠義公案小說是一個很重要的文類。在晚清時期，此類小說廣受歡迎，為數眾多的俠義公案續書廣泛的出版，並為讀者所接受。不同於前代的公案小說，俠義公案小說的作者與書坊主人結合了公案與俠義兩種不同的故事類型。在這些文本中，俠客晉升廟堂，協助官府偵查犯罪、逮捕罪犯；俠從與法律的對立的一方，搖身一變成為合法的一方。從清中葉到晚清，急轉直下的政治局勢多少影響著俠義公案的文本敘述傾向。作者表面上歌頌清官、恭維明君，企圖迴避執政者對小說的禁令，另一方面又在文本中揶揄諷刺正義實現的方式。本文試圖透過清代法律實務與小說中的審判做比較，以期得知，在清統治者、俠客、審判者、與俠義公案小說的作者、書坊主人中，究竟誰的正義得以實現。
    
    關鍵字：公案小說、俠、晚清小說、清代法制、三俠五義、詩學正義
    
    In Search of The Poetic Justice in Chivalrous and Court-Case Fictions of Qing Dynasty
    Chen, Li-Chun
    
    Abstract
    
    Chivalrous and court-case fiction is an important part of late-Qing fictions. As a popular genre, numerous sequences are published and read in late-Qing period. Unlike the court-case fictions before Qing period, the authors and publishers combined two kinds of traditional tales: court-case and chivalrous genre. In these fictions, Knights-errant entered the administration of justice to help the judge for detection of crime and apprehension of gangsters. Knights-errant, the illegal team before, turned to be legal. From middle-Qing to late-Qing period, the situation which going downhill also affected the description of chivalrous and court-case fictions. In these fictions, the authors gave praise to the honest and upright officials and brilliant emperors apparently to avoid the prohibition against fictions, for another, they ridiculed the way how justice could be realized. This paper attempts to compare the judgement in these fictions with the judicial practice in Late-Qing period. The goal of this present paper is to discover, among the Qing government, knights-errant, the judges, and the authors of Chivalrous and Court-Case fictions, whose justice could be realized.
    
    Keywords: Court-case fiction, Knight-errant, Late-Qing fiction, Law of Qing dynasty, San-xia wu-yi, Poetic justice
    
    
    
    
    清代「秋審文類」述論
    孫家紅
    
    摘 要
    
    「秋審文類」產生於清代有關死刑監候案件審理的司法實踐，或由法律專家私人編撰而成，或經官方頒定行用，在每年的秋審過程中發揮重要作用。對於這部分頗具特色的法史文獻，前此不曾有學者專題討論。本文主要針秋審略例、秋審條款與成案等秋審文類進行闡述和討論，通過研究發現：這些秋審文類的形成具有獨特的司法背景，反過來也成為清代秋審司法特徵的重要組成部分。不僅如此，秋審略例集中代表了清代法律語言學的突出成就，秋審條款與成案在清代秋審司法實踐過程中，作為特殊形式的法律文件，為大量死刑監候案件的處理提供了極具實用價值的司法參考。因此，這些秋審文類不僅在當時影響甚巨，更為我們從法律的角度認識和揭露清代秋審的司法特徵和功能提供了難得的材料。全文著眼於在釐清和敍述基本事實的基礎上，探討這些秋審文類的成因，總結它們的特徵，並努力揭發其獨特的司法價值、文獻價值和研究價值，希望對學界研究清代政治法律的歷史有所貢獻。
    
    關鍵字：秋審、程式、條款、成案
    
    Discussion of the “Autumn-Trial Documentary” in the Ching era
    Sun Jia-hong
    
    Abstract
    
    The 「Autumn-Trial Documentary」was a judicial practice created in the Ching era, concerning death-penalty cases to be executed pending on the outcome of the autumn-trial.The documentary was either selected and edited by the legal experts for their private works, or was promulgated and enforced by the government officials.It had played an important function in the annual autumn trial.Before to-day no scholars had ever paid attention to this part of the legal history literature, which was rather peculiar in itself.The main conclusion is that the 「Autumn-Trial Documentary」 does not only come from the judicial practice of the autumn-trial in Ching era,but also becomes its partial character.Furthermore, these important documentaries play a key role in the judicial practice of the autumn-trial, which are helpful for us to know better what is the peculiar character and functions of the judicial practice of the autumn-trial in Ching era.This paper will focus on describing and discussing the simplified cases of the autumn trial, its rules and regulations and the precedent cases, so as to discover and identify the causes of autumn trial and to finalize its peculiarities. It is hoped that this paper will contribute to the academic study of the political and legal history of the Ching era.
    
    Keywords: Autumn-trial, procedure, rules and regulations, Precedent Cases
    
    
    
    
    敦煌發現《十王經圖卷》所見刑法史料
    [日]仁井田陞* 著
    李 力** 譯
    
    Study on the Criminal Law hietorial materials in the Shi-Wang-Jin-Tu-Juan(十王經圖卷) found Tun-huang（敦煌）
    N．Niida
    Li, Li
    
    （本篇不設中英文摘要）
    
    
    《刑案汇览三编》中的“罪名”——兼论对中国传统律典中“罪名”的解读
    王瑞峰
    
    摘 要
    
    本文以沈家本编辑整理的《刑案汇览三编》为分析对象，通过研究清代刑事司法过程，对清代的刑事司法过程中所要解决的一个主要问题即“罪名”问题。通过分析《刑案汇览三编》的案件中出现的“罪名”的各种情形，本文认为“罪名”绝非通常所认为的现代刑法中的“罪名”，可以把中国传统法律中的“罪名”理解为“刑罚” ，在《唐律疏议》中的“五刑之罪名”可以解释为“五种刑罚的名目”。
    
    關鍵字：《刑案汇览三编》 罪名
    
    The "zuiming" in The Trilogy of Criminal Cases Compilation
    Rui-Feng Wang
    
    Abstract
    
    Based on analysis of The Trilogy of Criminal Cases Compilation edited by Shen Jiaben, this paper discusses the "zuiming" in the traditional Chinese law. The "accusation" is definitely not what is generally means in the sense of modern criminal law. The "zuiming" can be roughly interpreted as "punishment". Accordingly,the "names for the five categories of accusations" can be interpreted as the "names for punishment".
    
    
    
    
    清代官代書研究——以《清代四川南部縣衙門檔案》為中心的考察
    吳佩林
    
    摘 要
    
    
    官代書，是指清代州縣衙門代人寫稟貼和訴訟狀紙的人。設立官代書的目的在於防範訟師包攬詞訟、播弄鄉愚。本文詳細考察了官代書之由來、對代書參與訴訟的規定、官代書戳記、官代書所寫狀紙、官代書收入以及官代書在民間生活中的狀態及官代書的終結。官代書在法律訴訟及維護民間社會秩序起到了一定的作用。但在運行過程中，設立官代書的原初意義發生了變化，與訟師無別，最終被取締。官代書的設立與運行對於民國律師制度的推行具有啟導作用。
    
    關鍵字：官代書、戳記、訴訟、民間社會秩序
    
    A Study of Guandaishu of Qing Dynasty:
    An Investigation Centered on the Official Archives of Nanbu County of Sichuan in Qing Dynasty
    Wu Peilin
    
    Abstract
    
    (School of History and Culture,SichuanUniversity,Chengdu,Sichuan,610064)
    
    Abstract:Guandaishu meant those who wrote for those who needed reports and lawsuits in the office of a state and county in Qing dynasty. It aimed at preventing litigation masters from monopolizing lawsuits and cheating the masses. A careful study was made in the essay on Guandaishu”origin,their participation in the lawsuits, the Cuoji, the papers, the incomes,their life in the society and the end of Guandaishu. Guandaishu played a part in making a lawsuit and maintaining the social order,but its original meaning changed in the process of operation because there was no difference between Guandaishu and lawyers and Guandaishu was cancelled in the end.However,it promoted the system of lawyers of the Republic of China.
    Keyword: Guandaishu; Cuoji;Lawsuits;Social order of the masses
    
    
    
    
    法律文化的「常」與「變」——兼評黃源盛先生《法律繼受與近代中國法》
    馬劍銀
    
    摘 要
    
    “Normal” and “Changing” of Legal Culture
    A Review on Huang’ s Legal Reception and Modern Chinese Law
    Ma, Jian-yin
    
    （本篇不設中英文摘要）