《环球法律评论》2011年第1期中英文提要

内容提要：犯罪主体是四要件犯罪构成理论中的一个要件，同时也是争议较大的一个要件。本文对犯罪主体作为犯罪构成的一个要件的形成过程进行了学术史的考察。尤其是对围绕着犯罪主体展开的理论探讨进行了评述。本文认为，犯罪主体本身蕴含着的矛盾正是四要件犯罪构成理论的内在矛盾的体现。随着三阶层犯罪论体系引入我国，犯罪主体将被析分为行为主体与刑事责任能力，分别在构成要件和责任中加以研究，因而犯罪主体的概念将不复存在，这就是一个犯罪主体消解的过程。

关键词：犯罪主体行为主体刑事责任能力

［Abstract］Subject of crime is an element of the theory of quadripartite constitutive elements of a crime, and it is also one of the most controversial elements. From the perspective of intellectual history, the author examines the process of formation of subject of crime as a constitutive element of a crime. In particular, the author comments on various theoretical discussions about subject of crime. The author argues that contradictions embodied in subject of crime itself represent exactly the intrinsic contradictions of the theory of quadripartite constitutive elements of a crime. With the introduction of tripartite system of crime into China, subject of crime will be replaced by subject of conduct and capacity for criminal responsibility. The latter will be studied in tatbestand and schuld respectively. Consequently, the concept of subject of crime will no longer exist and this is nothing but a process of fadingaway of subject of crime.

（责任编辑：王雪梅）

内容提要：在网络以及其他领域中，垄断看门人是指有权并有能力将侵犯他人版权者排除出其服务网络的人。垄断看门人的行为可以起到有效防止侵权的作用。尽管一个垄断看门人不能直接控制侵害的发生，但是可以通过将侵犯他人版权者排除出网络的威慑来遏制侵权。本文依据三种不同的关系对替代责任的构成要素进行探讨：雇主与雇员的关系，经营场所提供者的情况和基础设施垄断提供者的情况。本文论述了版权侵权中垄断看门人替代责任的可取性，并且对诸如制止理论和矫正正义的理论基础进行了探究。垄断看门人应当建立一套责任制度，以平衡阻止侵权的需要和它们的风险。

关键词：垄断看门人替代责任版权侵权

［Abstract］Recent cases have reignited debate on vicarious liability for gatekeepers providing essential facilities such as electronic payment processing service. Generally speaking, gatekeeper liability is undesirable where a gatekeeper lacks the right and ability to control infringement. A monopolistic gatekeeper of essential facility, however, is able to exclude infringers from its service network, which may act as an effective deterrence. Thus, although a monopolistic gatekeeper is not able to control infringement directly, it can deter infringers by threat of exclusion. This essay sets forth different prongs for vicarious liability, depending on three types of relationship: the employeremployee relationship, premise providers and monopolistic providers of essential facilities. Taking Visa as an example, this essay discusses the desirability of monopolistic gatekeepers' vicarious liability for copyright infringement and explores the rationales such as deterrence and corrective justice. The essay also proposes a liability regime for monopolistic gatekeepers to balance their risk with the need to prevent infringement.

（责任编辑：姚佳）

内容提要：权利的功能在于对纷争的利益主张提供正当性，即通过社会组织的法律制度、道德规范或者习俗规范来维护利益主张，定纷止争。但由于制度本身的不穷尽，社会生活本身的不断发展，权利的界定和实现存在着冲突。这种权利冲突是社会资源稀缺性和人自然属性内在张力的必然结果，制度的抽象与滞后性则是权利冲突的人为原因。权利冲突不能从根本上一劳永逸的解决，但能通过资源总量的增加、制度的完善和实施过程中的技巧、道德修养的提高和社会沟通渠道的拓展予以缓解。

关键词：权利冲突"资源-需求"模型

何志鹏，吉林大学法学院教授。

［Abstract］The function of rights is to provide justification for the competing claims of interests, namely, the protection of claims of interests can be realized through legal system of social organizations, moral standards or custom norms. Disputes are settled accordingly. However, owing to imperfection of systems and the ever changing social life, there exists conflict in relation to the definition and realization of rights. Such conflict is an inevitable result of the inherent tension between scarcity of social resources and the natural attributes of human beings, whereas the abstract and the laggingbehind of the system serve as manmade causes of conflict of rights. The conflict of rights can not be resolved once for all, yet it can be mitigated by the increase of the total amount of resources, the improvement of systems, the enhancement of moral level and the broadening of social communication channels.

（责任编辑：支振锋）

内容提要：调查被执行人的财产状况一直是我国民事判决执行中的难题。法院财产调查权的行使效果决定着民事判决执行的质量。长期以来，法院由于一些特殊原因主动弱化自身的财产调查权，甚至体现为一种消极与不作为，却要求债权人自行调查债务人的财产状况，致使债权人举证责任被被动强化，为一股强大的民间暴力的兴起与蔓延预留了相当的空间，给社会造成了一定的危害。事实上，强制执行权的行使主体只能是国家，债权人享有的只能是强制执行请求权。执行权不是一项司法权，而是一项行政权。对财产状况的调查应当是执行官的专有权，债权人不应承担任何举证责任。因此，为我国目前民事强制执行中的财产调查权纠偏定位，迫在眉睫。

关键词：民事强制执行执行权财产调查权

［Abstract］Investigating into property status of the person against whom a judgment is being executed has been a longstanding thorny problem in the enforcement of civil judgment. The quality of the enforcement of civil judgment depends on the effect of the exercise of investigative power by court. Over a long period of time, due to certain special causes, court has weakened its investigative power over property on its own initiative, even to the extent that it requires that creditor should investigate into property status of debtor by him/herself. Such arrangement shows court has taken a passive attitude or even committed omission in this respect, thus leading to a passive enhancement of burden of proof borne by creditor. As a result, violent forces sprang up and spread among the people, which have posed harms to society. In fact, the subject holding power over compulsory enforcement can only be the state and what a creditor enjoys can only be claim for compulsory enforcement. Enforcement power, therefore, is not judicial one but executive power. Investigation into property status should be undertaken exclusively by beagle and creditor should not bear any burden of proof. It is, therefore, imperative to correct the error made in terms of investigative power over property in the course of compulsory enforcement of civil judgment in China.

（责任编辑：姚佳）

内容提要：公司的公益性捐赠值得鼓励与支持，但因实施过度的捐赠而给公司利益造成损失的董事应承担责任。通过考察美国、日本的判例及学说得知，由于捐赠并非经营性行为，适用于判断违反忠实义务的公正标准与判断违反注意义务的经营判断原则并不适合于审查捐赠行为，而是要适用合理性标准。而合理性标准包括金额的合理与目的的合理。判断金额的合理，除应考虑公司的利润、资产等经济状况外，还应结合捐赠的目的进行综合判断。

关键词：捐赠董事注意义务经营判断原则合理性标准

刘小勇，汕头大学法学院副教授。

［Abstract］Corporate donation deserves encouragement and support. Nevertheless, directors shall assume responsibility for corporate loss caused by excessive donation. Through study of cases and doctrines in USA and Japan, fairness test used to judge breach of loyalty duty and business judgment rule used to judge breach of duty of care are not suited to the examination of acts of donation, since donation is not regarded as business operation. Reasonableness standard, therefore, is applied in examining corporate donation. Reasonableness standard includes reasonableness in amount and reasonableness in purpose. To judge reasonableness in amount, we should consider not only economic conditions such as corporate profit and assets, but also the purpose of donation comprehensively. For purpose related to business of corporate, discretion of directors shall be respected. However, for purpose irrelevant to business of corporate, donation should be strictly reviewed. （责任编辑：姚佳）

本文系司法部项目：《民事权利与宪政》（项目编号：06SFB5010）、黑龙江省普通高校青年学术骨干支持计划项目：《诚信社会建设与良法之治关系论》（项目编号：1155G42）和黑龙江省社会科学基金项目：《诚信社会建设与良法之治互动关系研究》（项目编号：08D026）的成果。

内容提要：民主与宪政分别有着各自的内涵与特质，共时性地概念化、形而上地谈论民主与宪政的关系，可能会遮蔽和忽略掉一些历时性问题。文章以英美与法德之间的比较为线索，通过历时态地考察近现代英美法德四国的民主乃至整个政制绩效不同的深层原因，发现问题的关键可能不在于民主而在于是否有宪政：英美两国的民主是继承宪政基础上的宪政民主，法德两国的民主则是在建立全权制基础上的无宪政民主，宪政有无对英美法德四国民主乃至整个政制绩效的不同产生了根本性影响。纵览英美两国从宪政到宪政民主与法德两国由民主到宪政民主的政制形态发展历程，可得出基本认识：优良政制建设的关键是必要的宪政优位，民主只能对宪政给予补充而不能作为其替代，更不能作为其否定。

关键词：民主宪政政制形态英美法德

魏建国，黑龙江大学理论法学与法治发展研究中心研究人员，法学院副教授。

［Abstract］Democracy and constitutionalism have their own connotations and characteristics respectively, as the basic connotation and characteristic of democracy have been defined as majority rule and that of constitutionalism, limits on majority decisions. The two are different from each other. To discuss the relationship between democracy and constitutionalism in a conceptualized and metaphysical way, though convenient, yet it may obstruct and neglect some diachronic issues. Through making a comparison of patterns taken by AngloAmerican and FrenchGerman countries, and by studying both modern and contemporary democracies and deepseated causes leading to different successes achieved by political systems in Britain, U.S., France and Germany, the author finds out that the master key to the problem may not lie in democracy, but rest with constitutionalism. Democracy practiced in Britain and U.S. is constitutional democracy based on the continuation of constitutionalism, whereas democracy pursued in France and Germany is nonconstitutional democracy on the basis of the establishment of the institution of full powers. Whether there is a constitutional government has produced fundamental influence on democracy, even on different successes secured by political systems as a whole in the abovementioned four countries. Giving a broad overview of the courses of development, from constitutionalism to constitutional democracy in Britain and U.S., and from democracy to constitutional democracy in France and Germany, one can come to the following conclusion basically. That is, the supremacy of constitutional government works as the crux of building up a good political system and democracy may only serve as a supplement to constitutionalism. Democracy can not take the place of constitutionalism, let alone negate it.

（责任编辑：韩豫）

编者按：罗伯特·阿列克西（Robert Alexy）是德国当今最具国际声誉的法学家，由他所开创的法律论证理论，在过去三十年里成为世界法学界讨论最热烈的理论之一。长期以来，阿列克西教授一直热心于当代西方法学思想在全球的传播。闻说中文世界要推出德语法学思想的译介，尽管几十年病卧在床的妻子是时已罹患绝症，需时刻看护，他仍旧慨然允诺为译丛作序。本文正是他为即将在中国大陆出版的"德语法学思想译丛"所专门撰写的总序言。尽管从构思到完成，阿列克西教授经历了丧妻之痛，但文章未曾有半分敷衍。此篇小文充分体现了语言哲学一贯以来的追求，虽寥寥千言，却字字珠玑，完整勾勒出现代以来德国法哲学思想发展的宗谱。我们将该文在中文世界予以刊布，希望读者从中获得阅读的索引，亦可略窥法哲学内里的堂奥。

搜查与隐私权保护--加拿大宪法与美国宪法第4修正案之比较

向燕

内容提要：《加拿大权利与自由宪章》第8条赋予了公民反对不合理的搜查和扣押的权利。与美国宪法第4修正案的发展历程类似，经由加拿大最高法院的判例解释，《宪章》第8条确立了隐私权的宪法保护。基于对美国宪法判例的批判和借鉴，《宪章》第8条下的隐私权在判断标准、保护范围方面体现了本国特色。第8条下隐私权具备的丰富内涵，不仅得益于加拿大最高法院确立的隐私权旨在促进的诸项基本价值，也与加拿大较为宽泛的非法证据排除规则有关。

关键词：宪法刑事诉讼隐私权搜查

向燕，中国社会科学院法学研究所博士后研究人员。

［Abstract］Article 8 of Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms endows citizens with the right against unreasonable search and seizure. Similar to the development of the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, Article 8 of the Charter establishes the constitutional protection for right to privacy in case of searches. On the basis of criticism and drawing on the experiences of American constitutional cases, right to privacy contained in Article 8 of the Canadian Charter has reflected Canadian characteristics in respects of both criterion of judgment and extent of protection for right to privacy. According to Article 8, right to privacy has a rich connotation, which is not only benefited from basic values promoted by right to privacy established by the Canadian Supreme Court, but also has something to do with the broadlydefined rule of exclusion of illegal evidence.

（责任编辑：王雪梅）

内容提要：1970年代以来，美国州法院体系逐步确立了理性、集中的预算管理体制。在法院经费管理领域导入科层模型的原因是多元的，既包括一些改革者意识到的优点，也包括一个可能并未充分意识到的制度环境。针对科层化的预算管理体制可能产生的缺陷，美国州法院体系采取了一系列的应对措施，这些措施的核心是创建一个可以吸引法院体系内部和外部的个人和机构共同参与的治理结构。美国州法院统一预算体制对于我国当前正在开展的法院经费保障体制改革具有两个方面的借鉴意义。

关键词：统一预算体制科层模型共同参与治理结构

张洪松，四川大学法学院2008级博士研究生。

［Abstract］Since 1970s, the U.S. system of state courts has gradually established a rational and centralized budgeting administration system. There are multiple causes leading to the introduction of hierarchy model into the system of financing administration of court, which incorporates not only advantages realized by reformers, but also an institutional environment not fully realized yet. Taking into consideration the defects that may crop up in hierarchy model of budgeting administration system, a number of measures have been taken by system of state courts in response, aiming at creating an improvement structure that can attract individuals and organizations both from inside and outside of court system to participate in the budgeting administration process. The unitary budgeting system of US state courts may provide us with some experiences in the reform of system of funds safeguard of court presently carried out in China.

（责任编辑：韩豫）

本文先后获得北京大学法学院互联网法律中心2008-2009学年度博士论文资助计划和易继明教授主持的"国家网络空间安全及信息内容安全监管体制研究"（［242］2009A61）课题资助，特致谢忱。

内容提要：尽管立基于社会公共秩序的考虑的网络过滤技术有其合理的一面，但在互联网上设置网络过滤技术装置，即便是声称对信息自由流动损害最小、最大程度尊重网民自由选择、兼顾社会安定需求和言论自由的内容选择平台，但仍然无法避免恣意判断，并进而对公民言论自由权造成损害。其是否具有正当性，仍是一个富有争议的话题。尽管语境不同，但网络内容选择平台在美国引起的争议，应当成为我国在进行有关网络言论管制时所应当借鉴的参照系。

关键词：网络过滤技术内容选择平台事先限制言论自由

［Abstract］Based on consideration of public order of society, the internet filtering technique has its rational dimension. However, the internet filtering device set on the internet, though claiming that it has minimum negative effect on the free flow of information, respects free choices of internet users to the greatest extent, and gives consideration to both needs of social stability and platform of internet content selection （PICS) of freedom of speech, still can not avoid arbitrary judgment and infringement upon citizens' right to free speech. Whether the internet filtering technique has legitimacy remains a controversial topic. Although in different contexts, yet the controversies over PICS can be used for reference when China takes steps to control internet speech.

（责任编辑：支振锋）

内容提要：保证制度本是英国立法者为帮助保险人评估与控制风险水平而创设的，但保险人却通过任意扩大保证事项的范围，特别是引入合同基础条款，将保证演绎为帮助其逃脱保险责任的工具。故而英国正在修订法律，尝试通过否定合同基础条款的效力，废除肯定保证制度，限制特约保证适用的方式来消除保证的负面效应。借鉴前述立法经验，我国应将实践中当事人约定的肯定保证条款与投保人的告知不加区分，违反肯定保证一概适用违反如实告知义务的规定。同时，有鉴于特约保证具有难以替代的独特价值，因而我国《保险法》有必要赋予保险人通过规定特约（保证）条款的方式控制风险水平的权利，或至少应承认实践中此类条款的合法性。但为限制保险人通过滥用特约条款，逃避应尽保险责任情形的出现，应仅在被保险人违反特约条款的行为与保险事故发生存在因果关系，且被保险人具有主观可归责性时，方可允许保险人藉此免除其保险责任。

关键词：肯定保证特约保证合同基础条款因果关系借鉴意义

马宁，西北政法大学民商法学院讲师。

［Abstract］The aim of creating warranty system by British legislators was to help insurer evaluate and control level of risks, insurer, however, has made use of warranty as a tool to escaping insurance liability by arbitrarily expanding the scope of warranty issues, especially by introducing the clauses of contract basis. As a result, UK now is revising its law and trying to eliminate the negative effect produced by warranty through methods of denying the validity of the clause of contract basis, abolishing affirmative warranty system and restricting the way of application of promissory warranty. Using British legislative experience for reference, China should not distinguish between affirmative warranty clause parties agreed upon in practice and notification provided by the insured. In case of violation of affirmative warranty, the provision of breach of duty to telling truth shall be applied in general. Meanwhile, in view of the unique and irreplaceable value of promissory warranty, insurance law in China needs to entitle insurer the right to control level of risks by providing promissory （warranty) clause, or at least acknowledge the legality of this clause in practice. In order to restrain insurer from escaping insurance liability by abusing promissory clause, only in the context where there exists a causeandeffect relation between the violation of promissory warranty clause by the insured and the occurrence of insurance accident, and the insured is accountable subjectively, can the insurer be allowed to exempt from his/her insurance liability.

（责任编辑：姚佳）

内容提要：为证立司法审查制度的正当性，美国学界以往司法审查理论认为，代议制民主过程不可信任，必须由司法权对民主立法进行有效的宪法监督，以保障民主价值目标的实现。桑斯坦则认为，民主过程固然不可信任，但由于司法能力的有限性，最高法院应采取一种最低限度主义的裁决方法，一次一案式地裁决具体案件，避免原则性判决，将社会价值选择问题交由民意机关互动协商解决，以减少错误判决可能导致的严重社会后果，同时培养民意机关的民主协商精神和公民的参政素质，塑造一个健康民主的社会。与其他司法审查理论相比，司法最低限度主义更有效地论证了司法审查制度的正当性。不过，这一理论本身也有其缺陷。

关键词：最高法院司法最低限度主义司法最大限度主义价值判断

颜廷，南京大学博士，许昌学院现代国际问题研究中心教师。

［Abstract］To argue for the legitimacy of judicial review, theories relating to judicial review upheld by American academic community in the past maintained that the cause of representative democracy was incredible, the need for effective constitutional supervision over democratic lawmaking by judicial power, thus, becomes a must, so to guarantee the realization of the objective of democratic value. Sunstein agreed with the argument but he also proposed that the Supreme Court should adopt judicial minimalism in making decisions, since judicial capacity is limited. The method of "one case at a time" can avoid decisions made in principle and give the issue of choice of social value to organs of public opinion to resolve through interacting and consultation. In this way, serious social consequence resulted from incorrect decision may be reduced and meanwhile, the spirit of democratic consultation and quality of participating in political affairs by citizens may also be cultivated. A healthy democratic society is, therefore, build up. In comparison to other theories relating to judicial review, judicial minimalism can better prove the legitimacy of the system of judicial review. Nevertheless, the notion itself also carries some shortcomings.

（责任编辑：韩豫）

本文得到司法部国家法治与法学理论研究资助项目（07SFB2004）和中华基金会"邀请大陆地区法律系所研究生来台研修"项目资助，特此致谢。

内容提要：《世界人权宣言》是二战后最重要的国际人权文件之一。它超越抽象的"自然权利"人权理论和地域性"基本权利"人权理论，建立了"全球道德共识"人权理论。这一世界新人权理论的确立与中国学者张彭春的贡献密不可分。张彭春作为人权委员会副主席全程参与了《世界人权宣言》的制定。他以儒家思想为依托，提出了反对西方中心、提倡多元、抛弃宗教哲学纷争寻求道德共识、用良心制约理性等诸多人权理论主张。他提出把"仁"这一道德禀赋作为人权的基础，为面临宗教批判、理性批判和权力批判而陷入困境的传统人权话语找到了新的合法性源泉。

关键词：道德禀赋儒家思想全球道德共识世界新人权理论

鞠成伟，清华大学法学院法学理论博士研究生。

［Abstract］Being the most important international human rights instrument after the Second World War, Universal Declaration of Human Rights has gone beyond the abstract human rights theory of "natural right" and the regionoriented human rights theory of "fundamental rights", thus established a new human rights theory based on global moral consensus. P.C. Chang, a Chinese scholar, had made significant contribution to the shaping of this new human rights theory. Acting as Vice President of Human Rights Commission, P.C. Chang participated in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights throughout the whole proceeding. From organizational point of view, he helped the Commission avoid a split by his excellent diplomatic wisdom, and ensured the smooth adoption of the Declaration. From the theoretical point of view, based on Confusion ideology, He put forward many proposals in relation to human rights theory, including opposing Westerncountriescentered approach while advocating pluralism, abandoning disputes of religious philosophy while seeking for moral consensus, and using conscience to balance the reason, etc. By advocating "conscience" as the basis of human rights, P.C. Chang found a new source of legality for the traditional human right discourse, which had been bogged down in religious, rational and power criticisms.

（责任编辑：廖凡）

本文是中国法学会部级法学研究项目"区域贸易协定（RTA）中的重大法律问题研究"（CLS-C1040）的阶段性成果。

内容提要：世界贸易组织成立后，发达国家并未满足于《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》所确立的知识产权保护标准，而是迅速形成了新的谈判方略，即把谈判重心由阻力较大的世界贸易组织转移至更易达成协定的区域场合，通过缔结分散的区域贸易协定竞争性地提高知识产权保护标准。此种谈判方略的推进使得发展中国家日益丧失根据具体国情制定和实施适当知识产权政策的自主空间。有鉴于此，包括中国在内的发展中国家应通过建立知识产权发展同盟、发展产业磋商与咨询体系、参与国际组织和智库活动、制定内部谈判指南等途径，改进谈判策略、强化谈判力量、提高谈判技术，引导形成更加民主和平衡的知识产权国际保护机制。

关键词：知识产权区域贸易协定TRIPS-plus条款场所转换

李晓玲，中国青年政治学院法律系讲师。

陈雨松，商务部条约法律司。

［Abstract］Since the establishment of WTO, developed countries, deeming the IPR protection standard in TRIPS Agreement still insufficient, have adopted new negotiation strategies swiftly, namely, the focus of negotiation is diverted from WTO where much resistances have been met to regional occasions where it is easier to reach agreements. Through concluding separate trade agreements at regional level, the IPR protection standard has been raised competitively. Such approach has caused developing countries to losing independent space in which they can map out and implement their own intellectual property policies on the basis of concrete national conditions. Under this situation, developing countries, including China, should endeavor to push the IPR international protection system forward in a balanced and democratic way by improving negotiation strategies and strengthening negotiation power, including establishing IPR development union, promoting industrial consultation mechanism, participating in activities sponsored by international organizations and think tanks, and formulating internal IPR negotiation guidelines in particular.

（责任编辑：廖凡）