《环球法律评论》2010年第3期中英文提要

内容提要：法教义学乃是一门将现行实在法秩序作为坚定信奉而不加怀疑的前提，并以此为出发点开展体系化与解释工作的规范科学。它研究以规范现象之身份而出现的法，因对现行法秩序的合理性保持确信，故而总是以一国现行实在法秩序为工作的基础及界限，并在此背景下开展体系化与解释的工作。在实践方面，它坚持认知主义的立场，主张现实问题的有解性，以实现更多具体细节上的正义为目标。对我国而言，法教义学在体系化和维护法的安定性、减轻负担与制约恣意、解答具体法律问题和促进法治成熟、沟通理论界和实务界以及构建法律共同体等方面的功能应受重视。

关键词：法教义学概念法学法学方法法律方法法理学

白斌，浙江大学光华法学院博士研究生。

［Abstract］Legal doctrine is a normative science which takes the existing legal order as an absolute prerequisite and proceeding from it, institutionalization and interpretation have been conducted. The law presenting itself as a normative phenomenon is the target of the research and due to the firm belief in the justification of the existing legal order, the existing legal order of a certain country has always served as the basis and limits of the research. Against such background, the institutionalization and interpretation have been conducted. In practice, legal doctrine emphasizes the importance of perception and holds that practical problems can be resolved, so to realize justice in every case. China should pay attention to various functions performed by legal doctrine, such as institutionalization and maintaining the stability of the law, reducing burdens and controlling willful judicial behavior, solving concrete legal issues and promoting rule of law, linking up theoretic and practical circles, and building up a legal community.

内容提要：少年司法的特殊性决定了社会人格调查报告制度的重大价值所在。少年司法的社会性的主导价值目标，即教育、保护为主的社会福利性的基本政策理念，决定了社会人格调查报告作为少年案件的基本事实与证据的根本地位，以及其作为少年司法区别于传统普通刑事司法的基本特征和贯穿少年司法始终的必然要求。社会人格调查报告的主要内容应当包括越轨少年的社会成长历程、人格状况等信息，以及据此而进行的专门分析评估。作为少年案件基本事实与证据的社会人格调查报告不应当由控、辩、审或者其他社会福利部门四方中的任何单方来完成，而应当根据诉讼基本原理，由控、辩、审三方合理分工进行，并最终由少年审判机关结合专家的分析报告予以综合判定。社会人格调查报告可以用作少年案件定罪、量刑及个别化处遇和管护矫治等方面的重要决策依据。

关键词：社会人格调查报告少年司法人格刑法

高维俭，西南政法大学教授。

［Abstract］The particularity of juvenile justice determines the substantial value of the Social Personality Report institution. The society-oriented value objective of juvenile justice, that is, the concept of basic policy of social welfare, taking instruction and protection as the leading factors, determines the fundamental status of SPR as the basic fact and evidence in juvenile cases, the basic characteristics of juvenile justice as different from traditional ordinary criminal justice, as well as its inevitable need throughout the processes of juvenile justice. The main contents of SPR should include information about the delinquent's experience of social development, personality conditions and so on, as well as specialized analysis and evaluation made on the basis of information mentioned above. As the basic fact and evidence in juvenile cases, the SPR should not be prepared by any single party of the prosecution, the defense, the judicial or social welfare agency; instead, it should be prepared by the three parties concerned through reasonable division of work in accordance to basic principles of procedural law. Ultimately, taking into consideration experts' analytical report, a comprehensive decision shall be rendered by juvenile court. The SPR may be used as an important basis for juvenile case decisions regarding the adjudication, sentencing, individualized handling of cases and supervision or treatment of juvenile delinquents.

我国政府采购法制之根本症结及其改造该文为2008年国家法治与法学理论研究重点项目--《政府采购法基础理论研究》（08SFB1003）的成果之一，并为湖南师范大学"优秀人才支持计划"所资助。

内容提要：近年来，政府采购腐败和高价格所致政府采购价值落空问题备受理论界的关注，学者们从制度视角对其进行了多方位反思。制度层面的审视将症结归因于政府采购主体、质疑投诉、合同等具体制度之缺失。其实制度的不足与其背后深层的立法思维模式、立法力量主导模式、政府采购权体制结构安排更具关联性，深层地看其根源亦在于此。由是，根本解决政府采购现实问题之策略应为：促进政府采购立法思维模式从片面吸收国际先进法制向注重中国语境基础上与国际法制接轨转换，立法力量主导模式要由行政主导向立法博弈转换，采购权体制结构设计模式需由侧重监督向侧重制约转变，进而依统一立法模式、循采购权制约理路对制度进行重构。

关键词：政府采购法立法思维模式行政主导立法采购权配置

肖北庚，湖南师范大学教授。

［Abstract］In recent years, the loss of government procurement value caused by high price and corruption has drawn great attention of the theoretical circle in China. Scholars have examined and analyzed the problem from system perspective, which reveals that the very cause of the loss of government procurement value lies in the lack of a special system in terms of the subject of government procurement, channel of challenge and complaint, and contract mechanism. As a matter of fact, the deficiency of the system is more closely related to the models of legislative thinking, executive-led legislation and institutional arrangement of the authority of government procurement. An in-depth analysis of the causes has also proved to be true. Accordingly, the strategy to tackle these problems at the root should include a change of model of legislative thinking from learning advanced international legal system alone to the integration into the international legal system on the basis of stressing Chinese context, a change of legislative forces-led model from executive-led legislation to legislation following rules of the game, and a change of model of institutional structure of the authority of procurement from focusing on supervision to emphasizing restraints, so to reconstruct the system according to the unified legislative model and following the authority-conditioned line of thinking.

论船舶优先权制度建构下的船员权益保护本文系清华大学"98·5"工程第二期研究项目--"中国企业走出去战略研究"之一部分。

内容提要：在我国现行的海商法制度建构下，船员基于劳动合同而产生的工资与福利请求被置于船舶优先权所担保的海事请求的首位，但是，在海商法制定当时，由于历史条件的限制，对船舶优先权所担保的船员工资与福利请求的规定应如何适用，则存在诸多模糊之处，故必须在理论上加以澄清，以达到正确适用法律之目的。

关键词：船舶优先权船员工资船员福利

傅廷中，清华大学法学院教授。

［Abstract］Under the current system of maritime law in China, crew's claims to wages and benefits as provided in the labor contract, have been put in the first place among all maritime claims secured by the priority claim to seagoing ships. However, owing to the historical limits in the time when maritime law was enacted, it was quite ambiguous in relation to the way the provisions concerning crew's claims to wages and benefits secured by the priority claim to seagoing ships should be applied. Accordingly, efforts are needed in theoretical studies so as to guarantee a proper application of the law.

社会国的宪法意义本文为教育部人文社会科学2007年度青年基金项目"规范宪法下的人性尊严"（07JC820021）和广西大学科研基金项目"特殊主体人性尊严研究"（x07111）的阶段性成果。

内容提要：社会国或者福利国是近代自由资本主义发展的结果，二战之后各国竞相将其纳入宪法之中并成为现当代世界宪法发展的趋势。宪法中的社会国透过对人人享有人性尊严的生活得以保障来追求社会正义，社会国要求国家在人民的同意之下，针对全体民众而非仅仅弱势群体进行积极的作为。社会国原则是一项纲领性的宪法规范，也是一项客观宪法原则。

关键词：社会国福利国家实质平等宪法

龙晟，广西大学法学院副教授，法学博士。

［Abstract］The expression sozialstaat or welfare state is the product of the development of modern liberal capitalism. After the Second World War, various countries competed in incorporating welfare state into their constitutions and it became the trend of contemporary international constitutionalism. Sozialstaat contained in constitutional law pursues social justice through the guarantee for everyone enjoying a life of human dignity and requires that state, with the agreement of the people, should take positive actions towards all people, but not only limited to vulnerable groups. The principle of sozialstaat is a constitutional norm of programmatic nature, and also an objective constitutional principle.

内容提要：美国区划制度是一种对土地使用进行区别分类、基于多种指标进行综合规制并且无补偿的土地规制制度。它为解决美国几乎无限制的土地使用自由引发的问题在20世纪20年代应运而生。它由1916年纽约城市条例开启先河，此后在联邦制定的标准州区划授权法的推动下逐渐得到广泛适用。在这一过程中，有关区划制度合法性的争议不断升级，直至引发诉讼。在欧几里得镇诉安布勒不动产公司一案的判决中，联邦最高法院认为对市镇土地进行区划控制从多个层次促进公共健康和安全，它与作为区划权力来源的州规制权所要求的公共健康、安全、道德或公众福祉存在实质的联系，不存在明显的武断和不合理，从而获得合法性。该判决确立了区划制度的合法性，并且为日后区划条例的合宪性诉讼提供了基本的审查标准，由此确定的区划制度初期的合法性基础正是规制权所保护的多层次内涵的公共健康、安全等公共利益。

关键词：城市规划公共利益区划合法性审查标准美国

李泠烨，上海交通大学凯原法学院宪法学与行政法学专业博士研究生。

［Abstract］Based on multi-index to regulate in a comprehensive way, the zoning in the United States is a kind of system of land regulation that classifies various types of land use without any compensation. It came into being in 1920' as an effort to resolve problems cropped up in the exercise of land use right almost free of any public restraints in the U.S. In 1916, New York City passed the first modern zoning ordinance. Later on, with the impetus of the federal Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, under which municipalities may adopt zoning regulations, zoning became popular. However, the constitutionality of the new zoning law had been increasingly challenged and finally led to lawsuits. In the judgment of Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the zoning regulation of land use by the zoning ordinance promoted public safety and health in many ways and further held that the zoning ordinance was not arbitrary and unreasonable, instead, it had a substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, or general welfare. The zoning ordinance, thus, was not unconstitutional. The judgment rendered by the Supreme Court has established the legitimacy of the zoning regulation. Moreover, the judgment has provided a basic standard of judicial review in zoning cases concerning the constitutionality of zoning regulations. It proves that the legal basis of earlier zoning reflects exactly the multi-level public interests such as public health and safety as protected by the authority of zoning regulation.

拉德布鲁赫公式的限度与法官的统治本文系西北政法大学青年项目"政治义务的证成"（09XJC001）的阶段性成果。

内容提要：拉德布鲁赫公式的提出，旨在调和法的安定性和道德性在现实法律运作过程中产生的二律背反。然而，由于它所包含的两个以"正义"为基本范畴而建构的次级公式--"不可忍受性公式"和"否认性公式"所具有的抽象性和模糊性，使得拉德布鲁赫公式本身难以有效消解法律理念的二律背反现象。该公式的法律意义仅只是在重新定位相对主义法学理念的同时，授予法官更大的解释权，从而强化法官统治在法治结构中的功能和地位。

关键词：拉德布鲁赫公式法的安定性道德二律背反法律解释

钱锦宇，西北政法大学行政法学院讲师，法学博士。

［Abstract］In order to resolve the antinomy created in the process of the operation of law between the stability of law and the morality of law, Radbruch's formula came into being. However, Radbruch's formula cannot accomplish its mission in the judicial process because of the abstraction and uncertainty of the word "justice", which is the keystone in the structure of Radbruch's formula. The very legal meaning of Radbruch's formula is to relocate the conception of jurisprudential relativism while giving the judge more power to interpretation, so to further strengthening the function and position of rule of judge within the structure of rule of law.

内容提要：违约获益赔偿责任是英美合同法中的新型违约赔偿责任，其以违约人的获益作为赔偿内容，在守约人没有因违约受到财产损失，而违约人却因违约获益的场合发挥重要作用。这种赔偿责任弥补了合同救济的软弱性，遏制效率违约，促进合作，强化信任，尤其在瑕疵履行合同、违反特定物买卖合同、违反忠实义务的合同及禁止性义务的合同中，可以使守约人免受无法获得充分救济的风险。违约获益赔偿责任具有威慑性，是期待利益损害赔偿责任的有益补充。

关键词：违约获益赔偿责任违约人获益违约赔偿责任体系

陈凌云，西北政法大学民商法学院。

［Abstract］The disgorgement damage for breach of contract is a new type of damages for breach of contract in Anglo-American contract law. It applies in situation in which the promisee sustains no losses because of the breach of contract but the promisor gains benefits from the breach of contract. This new damage can remedy the insufficient contractual relief, restrain efficient breach, promote cooperation and enhance trust between parties concerned. In particular, it can prevent the promisee from the risk of inadequate compensation in contract of defect performance, violation of sale contract relating to specific object, violation of contract of fiduciary duty and contract of prohibitive obligations. The disgorgement damage for breach of contract does deter the opportunistic behaviors, and serves as a useful supplement of damages for interest in expectancy.

美国法中农民留种行为与知识产权的冲突与协调本文系作者主持的国家社会科学基金青年项目"农产品生产者权益保护法律问题研究" （项目编号：08CFX049）的阶段性成果之一。

内容提要：在与知识产权制度的互动过程中，农民留种行为从一种传统农业生产习惯转变为法律权利。尽管种子特性局限了知识产权制度功能，但种子企业普遍采取特许合同的做法却有抹杀农民留种行为之虞。当农民期望通过州立法进行干预，却发现州立法提案存在合宪性疑问。妥善解决农民留种行为与知识产权之间的矛盾，应当置于整体法律制度框架内进行考量。就我国而言，应当认识妥当规范农民留种行为的必要性，在农业领域更新知识产权理论，完善相关法律规范和体系。

关键词：农民留种行为留种权种子特性知识产权制度合宪性

程宇光，华中农业大学文法学院讲师。

［Abstract］In the course of interaction with intellectual property system, the concept of saving seed, used to be the farmers' convention which originated from the traditional agricultural production, has become a legal right in the Unite States. Though the specific property of the seeds has limited the function of the intellectual property system, yet the practice of establishing license agreement by seed enterprises has almost blocked the farmers' convention of saving seeds. When farmers expected some intervention through state legislation in prohibiting seed purchase agreement, they only find that the proposed bill is potentially in conflict with constitutional provisions. A proper handling of the conflict between the farmers' right to saving seeds and intellectual property right should be examined within the framework of the whole legal system. As far as China is concerned, it is necessary to regulate properly farmers' convention of saving seed, update theory of intellectual property right in agricultural field and improve relevant legal norms and systems.

内容提要：当代英美证据法学围绕着"运用证据以证明事实"这一核心问题展开，对此问题的不同回答产生了众多流派，包括现实主义、知识社会学派、新证据法学派、社会心理学派、比较法学派、女性主义证据学派和后现代证据学派，等等，形成了百花齐放、不断创新的局面。当代英美证据法学的每一种思潮或流派都有它对证据法学的贡献，都为证据法学的发展提供了异常重要的立场、视角和方法。

关键词：证据事实证明当代英美证据法学

栗峥，清华大学法学博士后。

［Abstract］Taking a panoramic view of history of modern Anglo-American evidence scholarship, we may find a main line of thought throughout its history, namely, "how to prove facts with evidence?" All brilliant thoughts and doctrines have given us unique explanations to this core theme, and all arguments and retorts among scholars of evidence law have also been presented as watershed representing different views and positions. Various explanations have led to decentralization and dehegemony in the field of modern evidence law and have made evidence scholarship become more multi-dimensional.

内容提要：竞选资金的监管是美国选举政治中的重要问题之一。1976年的"巴克利诉瓦奥案"中，联邦最高法院裁定对候选人的竞选开支（接受公共基金的候选人除外）设置限制的法律违反宪法，侵犯了公民的言论自由权。基于这一判决，奥巴马在2008年的大选中占据了资金优势。然而，这也使2008年大选成为美国历史上最昂贵的总统选举。竞选资金的改革一直在进行中，金钱与政治的关系始终是美国社会中的重要话题。

关键词：巴克利诉瓦奥案美国政治总统选举公共基金

吕芳,中国社会科学院研究生院宪法学与行政法学专业博士生，中国政法大学政管学院副教授。

［Abstract］The supervision and regulation over campaign finance is one of the most important issues in the U.S. election politics. In Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 （1976), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the federal law which set limits on campaign expenses of candidates （except candidates who received contribution from public fund) was unconstitutional, and therefore, violated citizens' freedom of speech. This article, taking into consideration the 2008 Presidential Election, analyses the impact of Buckley v. Valeo on election politics and the ways various states employed to circumvent the Buckley v. Valeo. On the basis of the analysis, more comments are provided in relation to the case.

内容提要：国家人权机构是在国际人权保护机制影响下逐渐建立起来的国内人权促进和保护机制，《关于国家人权机构地位的原则》（《巴黎原则》）被公认为国家人权机构发展的里程碑。但是，对国家人权机构的理解目前仍处于初期阶段。本文以《巴黎原则》为基础，围绕国家人权机构的设立和作用，对国家人权机构的定义、特点、分类、职责等基本问题加以澄清，以期为进一步研究提供理论基础。

关键词：国家人权机构《巴黎原则》国家人权委员会人权监察专员

郭三转，北京大学法学院2005级国际法专业博士研究生。

［Abstract］Under the influence of international human rights protection regime, national human rights institutions （"NHRIs") have been established to promote and protect human rights at domestic level. The Principles Relating to the Status of National Institutions （hereinafter referred to as "Paris Principles"), passed in the "International Workshop of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights" in Paris in 1991, and adopted by United Nations Commission on Human Rights and General Assembly respectively in 1992 and 1993, is regarded as a milestone in the development of NHRIs. However, the understanding of NHRIs is still at a very preliminary stage. Based on the Paris Principles, this article, with the focus on the establishment and roles of NHRIs, discusses the fundamental aspects of NHRIs, including their definition, characteristics, models, functions and roles, and hopefully, may provide a theoretical basis for further research.

内容提要：条约解释是国际法上的重要问题。1969年《维也纳条约法公约》第31至33条的规定集中体现了传统的条约解释规则。实践中，《联合国宪章》的解释对于传统条约解释规则多有突破和发展，主要体现在三个方面：第一，宪章解释过程中除运用传统方法外，还形成了"暗含权力"和"机构嗣后实践"等新方法；第二，各种传统条约解释方法在运用于宪章时，相互地位关系较之一般条约解释有所不同；最后，存在于条约解释中的解释与修改、解释与新规则创制的关系问题，在宪章解释上体现得尤为突出。宪章自身的特殊性质是形成上述特点的根本原因。宪章解释丰富和发展了传统条约解释理论和实践，为条约解释提供了全新的样本，拓宽了条约解释在现代国际法学研究中的领域。

关键词：《联合国宪章》条约条约解释

韩燕煦，同济大学法学院讲师，法学博士。

［Abstract］ The interpretation of treaties is a significant issue in international law. The traditional rules of treaty interpretation are embodied in Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaty（1969）. As a multilateral treaty with marked features, the UN Charter's interpretation has prompted some further developments of the traditional rules of treaty interpretation. These new developments mainly include the following three aspects. First, the creation of new methods of interpretation such as implied powers, the subsequent practices of the UN organs, etc. Secondly, when applied to the UN Charter, various traditional methods of treaty interpretation differ from the general treaty interpretation in terms of their relationships and statusAnd thirdly, the issue of relationships between the interpretation and modification and between the interpretation and the establishment of new rules as existed in treaty interpretation is reflected sharply in the UN Charter's interpretations. Basically, these developments and features result from the uniqueness of the Charter. The interpretation of the UN Charter has enriched and promoted traditional theories and practices of treaty interpretation, provided us with a brand-new approach to treaty interpretation and broadened the area of treaty interpretation in contemporary international law studies as well.