《环球法律评论》2010年第2期中英文提要

刑事和解与传统诉讼体制之关系本文乃作者主持的2006年教育部人文社会科学资助项目“‘犯罪人—被害人和解’的世界经验与中国模式：一种迈向和谐的刑事法治图景”之阶段性成果，项目批准号为：06JC820003。

杜宇

内容提要：刑事和解是在对传统诉讼机制的反思中成长起来的一种解纷机制。文章试图在“决定型纠纷解决”与“合意型纠纷解决”的分析框架内，展示两者截然不同的特性，由此，将和解作为多元化纠纷解决机制中的重要一环加以考虑。在这样的知识背景下，一个根本性的问题便自然浮现：如何摆正刑事和解与既存诉讼体制之间复杂而微妙的关系？对这一问题的回答呈现为三种可能：“替代模式”、“平行模式”与“整合模式”。文章在对和解与诉讼的功能予以基本定位的前提下，指出了整合思路的相对合理性，并清醒地揭示出在这一整合过程中可能出现的“排异”效应与“统合”风险。最后，文章进一步指出，在整合的前提下，诉讼机制在当下仍构成犯罪应对的基本力量，刑事和解则成为必要的补充。

关键词：刑事和解刑事诉讼决定型纠纷解决合意型纠纷解决

杜宇,复旦大学法学院副教授。

［Abstract］Victim-Offender Mediation （VOM) is a sort of dispute resolution mechanism which has been shaped on the reflection of the traditional litigation system. This article attempts to show the distinct characters of these two mechanisms within the framework of “decision-based dispute resolution” and “consensus-based dispute resolution”. VOM, thus, is regarded as an important part of alternative dispute resolution （ADR). Against this knowledge backdrop, a fundamental question will come up naturally: how to better understand the complex and delicate relationship between VOM and the existing litigation system? Answers to this question may be rendered into three possibilities: “substitute model”, “parallel model” and “integrated model”. While examining the relative rationality of “integrated model”, the article has also pointed out the potential effect of rejection and the risk of integrative side effect in the process of integration. Finally, the article notes that under the premise of integration, litigation system continues to play a fundamental role in combating crimes, and VOM works as a necessary supplementary instrument.

（责任编辑：王雪梅）

英美刑事和解探析

英美刑事和解探析本文为作者主持的第46批中国博士后科学基金项目《法院裁判与民意的冲突及其调和研究》的研究成果之一，（立项编号：20090460488）。

——以VOM模式为中心的考察

朱立恒

内容提要：VOM模式是英美法系国家所普遍采用并且是最多采用的刑事和解模式。它建立在恢复性司法理念基础之上，以实现罪犯与被害人的“对话”为主要目标，在实践中取得了较好的效果。但随着VOM模式的发展，对其批评的声音与担忧也开始出现。VOM模式的发展表明英美刑事司法观从“极端的程序正义”向“关注实质正义”、从“罪犯（被告人）中心主义”向“罪犯（被告人）与被害人利益并重”、 从“国家主义”向“社会与国家分权”的转变。鉴于VOM模式的良好发展前景与我国的现实基础，我国刑事和解中可以逐步发展这种VOM模式，但应当关注其已经暴露出的问题，引以为戒。

关键词：英美法系刑事和解VOM模式恢复性司法刑事司法社会化

朱立恒，湖南师范大学法学院副教授，中央党校博士后研究人员。

［Abstract］VOM model refers to the criminal mediation model which is widely used in countries of Anglo-American family. Based on the notion of restorative justice, VOM model aims at encouraging dialogue between the offender and the victim, and has achieved an effective effect in the practice. However, with the development of VOM model, one can also hear some criticisms and concerns in this respect. The practice of VOM model indicates that notions of the criminal justice of Anglo-American family have changed from the “extreme procedural justice” to the “concern over substantive justice”, from “offender （defendant)-centered approach” to the “balance of interests of both the offender （defendant) and the victim”, and from “nationalism” to “separation of power between society and the state”. Taking into consideration the prospect of favorable development of VOM model and the reality of our country, we may develop VOM model in our own criminal mediation practice. However, for those problems already exposed in the operation of VOM model in Anglo-American countries, attention should be paid in our own practice.

（责任编辑：王雪梅）法国刑事调解制度的法律适用及其评析

法国刑事调解制度的法律适用及其评析

王洪宇

内容提要：法国司法部在2004年3月16日的通函中对刑事调解的含义做了明确的界定，根据该通函，刑事调解是指“在第三者主持下，通过召集会见，在犯罪行为人和被害人之间建立一种联系，旨在就赔偿方式和重新修复相互关系达成协议，并尽可能地促进确立不再重新犯罪的条件”。刑事调解在解决法国刑事诉讼程序滞重而效率低下的弊端方面，表现出其卓越的功效，不仅体现了刑事诉讼注重效率、提高效益的价值目的，而且体现了传统刑事法律的威慑力，尤其是顺应了当代世界的非刑罚化和恢复性司法的理念。法国刑事调解制度与我国目前各地正在进行试点的刑事和解极为相似，希望能对中国的司法实践有所借鉴。

关键词：法国刑事调解调解协议调解措施公诉替代方式

王洪宇，海南大学法学院教授。

［Abstract］The French Ministry of Justice gave a clear definition for the meaning of criminal mediation in its Circular dated March 16, 2004. According to the Circular, criminal mediation in France means “the establishment of a kind of link between the victim of a crime and the person committed that crime, under the auspices of a third party, through holding meetings, so to reach an agreement on the method of repairing any damages and restitution, and to set up conditions for prevention of recidivism as much as possible”. With great efficiency in overcoming problems such as lengthy, complicated and ineffective criminal procedures, criminal mediation has manifested not only the efficiency-and- results-oriented value of criminal proceedings, but also the deterrent force of the traditional criminal law. Particularly, it conforms to the trend of decriminalization and the notion of restorative justice in contemporary world. The criminal mediation system in France is, to a great extent, similar to the criminal reconciliation currently being implemented on a trial basis in China. The author hopes that this article may serve as a modest spur so that we may gain useful experience in our own judicial practice in China.

（责任编辑：雨沐）刑事和解制度的民法解读

刑事和解制度的民法解读

刘承韪

内容提要：刑事和解制度是我国司法领域落实宽严相济的刑事政策、构建和谐社会的重要内容，是我国当下司法改革的热点话题，它有利于被害人利益之保护，有利于加害人的悔过自新和有效回归社会，还有利于节约司法成本、提高司法效率。刑事和解制度是刑法民法化的例证，其中刑事和解协议的性质和效力问题是刑事和解制度的实践操作重点之所在。

关键词：刑事和解刑法民法化司法改革

刘承韪，中国政法大学副教授。

［Abstract］The objective of criminal reconciliation system is to implement the criminal policy of combination of leniency and severity in judicial field, and to build a harmonious society. As a hot topic within China’s contemporary judicial reform, criminal reconciliation is not only conducive to the protection of the interests of the victim, effective to offender’s repentance and reintegration into society, but also helps save judicial costs and improve judicial efficiency. The criminal reconciliation system represents the trend of criminal law drawing relevant civil law rules. The very nature and effect of the criminal reconciliation agreement are the key points in the practice of criminal reconciliation system.

（责任编辑：雨沐）从二元到合作——联邦分权模式的发展趋势

从二元到合作——联邦分权模式的发展趋势本文得到教育部人文社会科学研究重大项目“国家主权与地方自治”（04JJD82002）的支持，特此感谢。

张千帆

内容提要：传统的联邦分权模式强调中央和地方的二元分权，但是随着经济和社会发展，各国的普遍趋势是联邦权力的不断扩张。本文主要以美国为例，论述联邦对于防止底线竞赛和保障各州平等的重要作用，探讨二元联邦主义向合作联邦主义的转变，并比较德国等其他联邦国家的分权模式。合作联邦主义模式表明，联邦国家和单一制国家的分权合作模式其实并没有本质差别。归根结底，中央和地方的合理分权取决于中央统一立法的必要性以及对中央和地方干预的成本效益分析。

关键词：联邦制二元模式合作模式

张千帆，北京大学宪法与行政法中心教授。

［Abstract］The traditional federal model highlights the dualist separation of power between the central and local governments. With economic and social developments, however, federal power is increasingly expanding and it has become a general trend in various countries. Taking the United States as a main example, this article discusses the important role federal government plays in preventing “race to bottom” and in guaranteeing equity among various states, explores the transformation of dualist federalism toward cooperative federalism, and compares models of decentralization of power practiced in Germany and in other federal states. The experience of cooperative federalism indicates that there is no fundamental difference between federal model of separation of power and the model adopted by unitary states. In the final analysis, the rational separation of power between federal and local governments depends on the necessity of uniform central legislation and the cost-benefit analysis of central and local regulations.

（责任编辑：支振锋）论行政相对人的陈述权

论行政相对人的陈述权

关保英

内容提要：陈述权是行政相对人权利由实体向程序、由普遍向个别转化趋势中一种相对新型的权利，具有人权保障、强化行政程序地位、体现行政正义、和谐行政法关系的价值。然而，这一权利除了体现在我国个别行政法文件中，一直以来没有得到理论和实务界的重视。目前这项权利的法律规定存在严重误区，从规范化行政法治的角度讲，行政相对人陈述权应作为行政相对人基本权利、应当建构为一个权利体系、应当有规范化的典则作为渊源、应当与行政法相关制度的完善结合起来。

关键词：行政相对人陈述权制度构建

关保英，上海政法学院教授，博士生导师。

［Abstract］Being a relatively new right in the trend of transforming from the substantive to procedural and from general to individual right, the right to statement of person subject to administrative action embraces the values of protection of human rights, enhancing the status of administrative procedures, representing administrative justice and harmonizing administrative relationships. However, the said right has all along been ignored by theoretic and practical circles, except mentioned in some administrative documents in China. This is undoubtedly a big defect in administrative rule of law in China. Currently, there exist serious mistaken-understandings in the legal provision concerning the right to statement of person subject to administrative action. From the perspective of normalizing administrative rule of law, the right to statement of person subject to administrative action should be defined as a basic right of the person subject to administrative action, and constructed as a right system. Further more, it must take normalized rules as its sources, and develop side by side with the improvement of relevant systems within administrative law.

（责任编辑：韩豫）法德英美四国行政诉讼性质比较考察

法德英美四国行政诉讼性质比较考察

孔繁华

内容提要：在不同国家、不同的历史时期，因社会条件的制约使行政诉讼的表现形式不同，但从政治基础、思想渊源、历史发展和原告资格的扩张四个方面来看，两大法系法德英美四个国家的行政诉讼（司法审查）性质具有共性，行政诉讼或司法审查发展之初的着眼点是公共利益和权力制衡，监督行政权依法行使是其历史使命;现在则越来越重视个人权益的保护，行政诉讼更多地反映出解决纠纷与救济权利的性质。

关键词：行政诉讼司法审查解决纠纷监督行政救济权利

孔繁华，华南师范大学法学院副教授。

［Abstract］In different countries, in different historical periods, and being limited by social conditions, administrative litigation has different manifestations. However, taking into account the political foundation, ideological origin, historical development and the expansion of qualification of the plaintiff, the nature of administrative litigation （or judicial review) in two major systems of law, represented respectively by France and Germany on one hand and Britain and the United States on the other, is of a general character. The focus of attention at the initial stage of development of administrative litigation or judicial review was given to public interests and check and balance of power, with supervising the exercise of administrative power according to law as its historic mission. Today, the focus of attention is placed on the protection of individual rights and interests, with administrative litigation playing a more and more active role in settling disputes and remedying rights.

（责任编辑：冉井富）

论迟延履行违约金诉讼时效的起算

论迟延履行违约金诉讼时效的起算本文为国家社科基金项目《信赖意思原则研究》（项目编号：08BFX026）的阶段性成果。

郗伟明

内容提要：迟延履行违约金因其递增性而具有金额的持续变动性、与迟延履行的关联性、各期债权产生原因的同一性、履行期的未定性等特征，其性质是作为次债务的一种约定的、转变的损害赔偿之债。现行法对其诉讼时效自何时起算无明确规定，导致理论与实务中缺乏统一见解。现有的四种立场均存在理论逻辑和可操作性上的不足。此类违约金之债的诉讼时效应从履行迟延终了时起算，这符合诉讼时效的基本宗旨和迟延履行违约金设定的本意，也更为公平合理。

关键词：迟延履行违约金诉讼时效起算

郗伟明，山西财经大学法学院讲师，中国人民大学法学院博士生。

［Abstract］Due to its nature of progressive increase, breach of contract damages in respect to the delay in performance has the characteristics such as sustained change of damage amount, the relevancy to the delay in performance, the sameness of causes leading to credit, and the uncertainty of performance period. Breach of contract damages in respect to the delay in performance, in essence, is a kind of obligation of damages agreed on as a secondary debt. As the present law does not define clearly when the limitation of action in case of breach of contract damages in respect to delay in performance begins, there lacks a unified understanding in theory and in practice. And none of today’s four standpoints can be supported by theoretic logic and operational functions. The author points out that limitation of action with respect to obligation of breach of contract damages should begin with the end of delay in performance. This approach is consistent with the basic objective of limitation of action and the original intent set for breach of contract damages with respect to the delay in performance, and is also more fair and reasonable.

（责任编辑：姚佳）从“限制权力”到“未列举权利”

从“限制权力”到“未列举权利”

——时代变迁中的《美国联邦宪法第九修正案》

郭春镇

内容提要：对于《美国联邦宪法第九修正案》的含义有“限制权力派”和“未列举权利派”的争议，双方各自从历史、语境和文本论证自己观点的正当性。前者更接近制宪者的“原意”，后者则体现了对第九修正案的当前理解。在宪法实践中，二元联邦制终结前，大法官们把《第九修正案》理解为限制联邦权力的解释规则；二元联邦制终结后至今，随着联邦权力的扩张而逐渐将其理解为保护个人未列举权利规范依据。这一变化是大法官们立足于现实，以实用主义的态度运用司法技术回应时代转型和社会需求的结果。

关键词：第九修正案限制权力未列举权利

郭春镇，厦门大学法学院助理教授，吉林大学法学院博士后研究人员。

［Abstract］ There are two academic understandings of the Ninth Amendment of the United States: those advocating “limited government” approach and those upholding “unenumerated rights” view. Both of them try to justify their understandings from the aspects of history, context and text. The former understanding is close to the Founders, original intention while the latter embodies the current perspective of the Ninth Amendment. In the constitutional practice, before the ending of dual federalism, the Justices regarded the Ninth Amendment as a rule of interpretation to limit the federal government’s power. After the ending of dual federalism and up till today, with the expansion of the federal power, the Justices have gradually deemed the Ninth Amendment as a norm to protect individuals’ unenumerated rights. This change is the result of the Justices’ pragmatic response to the changes of times and the needs of society by the use of judicial techniques.

（责任编辑：支振锋）

另一种物权行为理论

另一种物权行为理论

——以瑞士法为考察对象本文是2008年国家社会科学基金项目“民法中的事实行为研究”（08BFX068）的阶段性成果。在本文写作构思过程中，瑞士弗莱堡大学Peter Gauch教授提供了有关文献并阐释了相关问题；本文初稿完成后，中国社会科学院法学研究所孙宪忠教授提出了中肯的修改意见，在此一并致谢。当然，文责全由作者承担。

常鹏翱

内容提要：瑞士法在物权变动上区分债权行为和物权行为，后者主要是不动产登记申请和动产交付，并在此基础上采用了性原则，强调债权行为对物权行为效力的约束，这与德国法的无因性原则形成鲜明对比，并对不当得利、善意取得、登记审查等制度产生不同影响。有因性原则并不绝对，它因债权行为形式瑕疵的弥补、债权行为无效的主张属于滥用权利以及合同解除导致合同内容转换而缓和。

关键词：物权行为债权行为独立性有因性无因性

常鹏翱，北京大学法学院副教授。

［Abstract］In Swiss civil law, under the situation of real right’s change, the juristic act of real right and juristic act of obligation are distinguished from each other. The former mainly exists in the application of real estate registration and the delivery of moveable property, and based on them, the principle of having cause is adopted. A striking contrast is made between the principle of having cause and the principle of abstraction provided in German law, since the principle of having cause emphasizes the restraint of the juristic act of obligation over the effectiveness of the juristic act of real right. Moreover, the principle of having cause has also influenced undue enrichment, good faith acquisition and censor of registration differently. However, the principle of having cause is not absolute, instead, it is relaxed by remedy of the formal defects of juristic act of obligation, attribution of the claim of invalidity of the juristic act of obligation to abuse of power and modification of contents of contract caused by the rescission of contract.

（责任编辑：姚佳）合同自由与公共政策

合同自由与公共政策本文系2008年西南政法大学青年项目“无效民事行为研究”（08XZ-QN-01）的一项成果。

——《第二次合同法重述》对违反公共政策合同效力论的展开

黄忠

内容提要：任何国家都面临着如何平衡公共政策与合同自由间紧张关系的问题。就违反公共政策的合同，《第二次合同法重述》原则上是不予强制执行和恢复原状的，但并非一出现违反公共政策的情形，合同就必然失去强制力。《第二次合同法重述》通过引入利益衡量的方法为违反公共政策合同的效力判断作了精细规范；同时又通过设置缓和技术对因违反公共政策而不得强制的合同予以充分救治，以此来最大限度地协调当代社会所面临的公共政策与合同自由间的矛盾。

关键词：第二次合同法重述公共政策强制执行力利益衡量

黄忠，西南政法大学民商法学院讲师。

［Abstract］How to balance the tension between public policy and freedom of contract is a common problem faced by every country. On the ground of public policy, The Restatement （Second) of Contracts provides that some kinds of promises or terms contained in a contract are unenforceable and the court shall not grant a wrongdoer who concluded a contract in violation of public policy restitution of a benefit conferred upon the other party. However, it is not necessary that once a contract contradicts certain public policy, it becomes unenforceable inevitably. The Restatement （Second) of Contracts, through introducing the method of interests-weighing and the technology of mitigation, has provided detailed rules for deciding the validity of a contract in violation of public policy and supporting transactions freely entered into by parties concerned. In this way, the tension between public policy and freedom of contract faced by today’s society can be coordinated to the maximum.

（责任编辑：陈洁）俄罗斯反垄断法规制行政垄断之借鉴

俄罗斯反垄断法规制行政垄断之借鉴

刘继峰

内容提要：行政垄断是转型国家市场中的共性问题。俄罗斯反垄断法对行政垄断的规制在行为主体、范围、运行方式、制度效果等方面特性鲜明。分析这些问题可以较全面地认识行政垄断的特殊性及规制行政垄断的特殊性，更可为完善我国《反垄断法》提供经验借鉴。

关键词：俄罗斯反垄断法行政垄断比较借鉴

刘继峰，中国政法大学民商经济法学院副教授。

［Abstract］Administrative monopoly is a common problem faced by the market in transitional countries. In regulating administrative monopoly, Russian Antimonopoly Law presents a distinctive character in terms of subject of act, scope, mode of operation and institutional effectiveness. Analyzing them may help us gain a relatively comprehensive understanding of the particularity of administrative monopoly and specific characteristics of the regulation over it. We can draw the successful experiences of regulation of administrative monopoly by Russian Antimonopoly Law so to improve Chinese Antimonopoly Law.

（责任编辑：凌云）英国学徒制法律教育与普通法传统的存续

英国学徒制法律教育与普通法传统的存续

尹超

内容提要：“诺曼征服”以后，从亨利二世开始的英格兰司法改革直接催生了法律职业阶层的兴起，这个法律职业阶层在实践中又与学徒制法律教育互适共生。与欧陆法律教育侧重于对罗马法概念、规则、原则和理论的研习不同，英格兰的学徒制法律教育更侧重于法律实务的操作。这种法律职业教育促进了英格兰法律职业共同体的形成，这个法律职业共同体在罗马法复兴运动风靡欧洲之际，顽强地坚守了普通法的独立品格，使普通法能够作为一种与大陆法不同的法律传统延续存在。英国的学徒制法律教育与普通法传统具有共同的法哲学依据，经验主义是英国的判例法传统和学徒制法律教育的哲学基础。但是，英格兰学徒制法律教育最终走向了衰落，学术性与实践性相结合成为英国现代法律教育发展的方向。

关键词：经验主义学徒制法律职业教育普通法传统

尹超，北京师范大学比较教育研究中心博士后研究人员，中国政法大学比较法学研究院科研人员。

［Abstract］After the “Norman Conquest” and started from Henry II of England, the judicial reform had directly given birth to the emergence of a legal profession class, which, in practice, was adapted to and co-existed with legal education based on apprenticeship. Unlike European legal education focusing on the study of concepts, rules, principles and theories of Roman Law, legal education based on apprenticeship system in England paid much more attentions to the practicing of law. Promoted by such professional education of law, a legal profession community in England had taken shape. When the movement of revival of Roman law swept the whole European continent, this legal profession community had tenaciously adhered to the independent character of common law, thus enabling common law and civil law to remain as a legal tradition different from the continental legal system. Legal education based on apprenticeship system and common law share a common basis of philosophy of law, with empiricism serving as the philosophical foundation for both case-law tradition and legal education based on apprenticeship system. Nevertheless, legal education based on apprenticeship system declined in England. Instead, the combination of academic spirit and practicality has become the trend of development of contemporary legal education in Britain.

（责任编辑：支振锋）欧共体国际私法的最新发展

欧共体国际私法的最新发展

——关于合同之债准据法的《罗马I规则》评析本文系中欧法学院（ChinaEU School of Law）项目“《罗马I规则》后的欧中国际私法在合同事项上的法律冲突规则之比较与前景（Conflict of Laws Rules in Contractual Matters in European and Chinese Private International Law after the Rome I Regulation : Comparison and Perspectives）”的阶段性研究成果。需要指出的是，自2009年12月1日（《里斯本条约》生效之日）起，欧洲共同体已为欧洲联盟所全面代替和继承，“欧洲共同体”在法律意义上已不复存在。为行文方便起见，本文仍沿用了这一称谓。

陈卫佐

内容提要：本文通过评析2008年通过的关于合同之债准据法的《罗马I规则》的主要内容，探讨欧共体国际私法的最新发展，指出《罗马I规则》的可取之处主要在于增加了在确定合同之债准据法方面的安定性和可预见性，并在立法技术上顺应了当代国际私法的发展趋势。对于正在进行的中国国际私法典编纂而言，《罗马I规则》在关于合同事项的冲突规则方面可资借鉴。

关键词：欧共体国际私法《罗马I规则》合同之债准据法

陈卫佐，清华大学法学院副教授。

［Abstract］This article presents the most recent developments in private international law of the European Community through commentary and analysis of the main contents of the Rome I Regulation on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations which was adopted in 2008. It points out that the Rome I Regulation has increased the legal certainty and predictability in determining the law applicable to contractual obligations, and has followed the trend of development of contemporary private international law with respect to legislative techniques. A comparative observation has also been made concerning the conflict rules on the law applicable to contracts in the present statutory law of China. Rome I Regulation may serve as a useful example in improving the conflict rules in contractual matters with regard to the legislative techniques in China and is of reference value for the ongoing codification of Chinese private international law.

（责任编辑：廖凡）以劳工标准为基础的单边贸易措施与WTO规则

以劳工标准为基础的单边贸易措施与WTO规则本文为司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目成果（项目名称：PPM环境贸易措施：绿色贸易壁垒的新趋向和中国的对策，项目编号：05SFB3021）。

——贸易壁垒的新趋向及发展中国家的对策

鄂晓梅

内容提要：劳工标准与世界贸易组织的关系是当今国际经济关系和国际经济组织面临的最具争议的问题之一。本文就如何澄清基于劳工标准的单边贸易措施与WTO规则的法律关系进行了理论分析，梳理评介了各利益攸关方的立场分歧和理论冲突，揭示了基于劳工标准的单边贸易措施与WTO规则关系问题的实质，阐释了发展中国家必须坚决反对以劳工标准为基础的单边贸易措施的原因，并提出了应对挑战所需采取的立场和对策。

关键词：劳工标准贸易措施WTO发展中国家

鄂晓梅，内蒙古大学教授。

［Abstract］The relationship between labor standards and World Trade Organization has become one of the most debated topics that international economic relations and international organizations face today. In order to clarify the relationship between unilateral trade measures based on labor standards and WTO rules, this article not only analyzes related WTO rules and judicial practices, but also observes and comments on debates among the North and the South, NGOs, and academia. Furthermore, this article summarizes reasons why developing countries should firmly oppose unilateral trade measures based on labor standards and also brings forward suggestions concerning the position and possible solutions to respond to those challenges.

（责任编辑：廖凡）