《环球法律评论》2009年第5期中英文提要

李培锋

内容提要：英美信托财产权之所以难以融入大陆法物权体系，根源于11世纪末以来英国历史所赋予它的两大特性：第一，英美信托财产权以地产权为基础，具有地产权的特性，可以一物多权；第二，英美信托财产权的创设基于合意，具有与"债权"密不可分的交叉特性。

关键词：信托财产权所有权地产权债权

李培锋，中南财经政法大学法学院副教授。

［Abstract］The reason why trust property right in common law system is incompatible with the system of right in rem in civil law lies in the two characteristics of such right rooted in British history since the 11th century: firstly, the English trust property right is based on the concept of estate and, therefore, has the characteristic of the estate, which means it is possible to have more than one right in one thing; and secondly, trust property right in common law system is created on the basis of agreement and therefore is inseparable from the right in personam.

（责任编辑：姚佳）

英美法物上负担制度及其借鉴价值

孟勤国 张凇纶

内容提要：物上负担制度是英美法勾连合同法和财产法的重要纽带：一方面，物上负担可以显示合同标的物的权利瑕疵，从而固定交易双方的合同义务；另一方面，物上负担能够调整原产权人、新产权人以及第三人之间的财产权利分配。可以说，物上负担制度解决了受限制的财产权的支配和流转问题：既明确静态关系中财产权利的分配，又解决了动态关系中财产权利的效力。配以适当的公示手段，英美财产法建构了以土地为标的的物上负担体系。对于采纳物权法体系的中国而言，物上负担同样具有重要的制度价值，值得深入研究。

关键词：财产法物权法物上负担公示

孟勤国，武汉大学法学院教授、博士生导师。

张凇纶，武汉大学法学院民商法专业博士生。

［Abstract］The encumbrance rule is an important connection between contract law and property law in common law system. On the one hand, the rule can reveal defects in the rights relating to the subject matter of a contract, thereby clarifying the contractual obligations of both parties; on the other hand, the rule regulates the distribution of property right among the ex-owner, the new owner and the third party. The encumbrance rule solves the problem relating to the disposal and circulation of restricted property right: it clarified both the distribution of property right in static relationships and the effect of property right in dynamic relationships. In Anglo-American property law, the encumbrance rule, supplemented by proper public summons mechanism, constitutes an encumbrance system with land as its object. The encumbrance rule is of great reference value to China, which has adopted German property law （Sachenrecht) system, and therefore needs to be thoroughly studied by Chinese scholars.

（责任编辑：姚佳）

英美财产法之契据交付制度研究

英美财产法之契据交付制度研究本文系2007－2008年度华东政法大学研究生创新能力培养专项资金项目"不动产交易安全保障机制研究"（项目号07SHHZ001）的阶段性成果。

吴一鸣

内容提要：契据交付是英美不动产交易的必经程序，它从古老的采邑授予演变而来，并成为不动产权利移转的工具，契据交付是对合同的履行。在英国，只有经过契据交付和产权登记，不动产的普通法产权才会发生移转。在美国绝大多数州，契据交付本身就能实现普通法产权的移转，契据登记主要使该产权发生对抗效力。

关键词：契据交付采邑授予不动产登记英美财产法

吴一鸣，华东政法大学民商法专业博士研究生。

［Abstract］Delivery of deed is an indispensable process in the conveyance of real property in common law system. The process has evolved from feoffment in the feudal age and today it becomes mainly a tool for the transfer of title. A deed differs from a contract in that the former is the performance of the latter. In Britain, the right to estate will not be transferred until a deed is delivered and registration was made. In most states of the U.S., the right to estate is transferred immediately after the delivery of deed, which is always registered to acquire the priority of the title.

（责任编辑：姚佳）

我国内地与港澳特区之间被判刑人移管机制构建探讨

我国内地与港澳特区之间被判刑人移管机制构建探讨本文初稿提交2008年11月21日香港大学法学院举办的"2008年两岸四地法律发展学术研讨会"，并在会议上宣讲了论文要点。

赵秉志

内容提要：在构建我国区际被判刑人移管机制的问题上，由于内地缺乏积极的承认和执行外国刑事判决的制度、关于区际刑事司法协助的立法尝试，以及在审前判后解决刑事管辖权冲突的思路等原因，我国内地与港澳特区至今尚未达成一致意见。但是，中国范围内不同法域之间跨境犯罪的频繁发生，亟待妥善处理的现状，以及内地与港澳特区在被判刑人移管方面已有的立法与司法基础，这些都充分地表明，在内地与港澳特区之间建构被判刑人移管机制，兼具必要性和可行性。而重要途径之一即是内地与港澳特区签订互相承认与执行刑事判决的协议。

关键词：被判刑人移管承认与执行刑事判决

赵秉志，北京师范大学法学院暨刑事法律科学研究院院长、教授、法学博士、博士生导师，中国法学会刑法学研究会会长，国际刑法学协会中国分会常务副主席。

［Abstract］On the construction of interregional legal regime for the transfer of sentenced persons in China, the Chinese Mainland lacks the rules on the recognition and enforcement of foreign criminal judgments, the legislative attempt on interregional criminal judicial assistance and the approach of resolving conflict of criminal jurisdictions before or after criminal trial. As a result, it has never been able to reach an agreement between the Mainland and the special administrative regions （SARs) of Hong Kong and Macau in this respect. However, the facts that serious crimes frequently take place across regions and that legislative and judicial practice for the transfer of sentenced persons has already been established are adequate proof that it is both necessary and feasible to construct a legal regime for the transfer of sentenced persons between the Mainland and the two SARs. One of important ways to do so is for the Mainland to sign agreement with Hong Kong and Macau on the recognition and enforcement of each other's criminal judgments.

（责任编辑：王雪梅）

我们凭什么取得商标权--商标权取得模式的中间道路

我们凭什么取得商标权本文系国家社科基金"科学发展观统领下的知识产权战略实施研究"（07&ZD006）和国家社科基金"网络环境下商标侵权问题研究"（09XFX014）的阶段性研究成果。

邓宏光

内容提要：商标权注册取得模式已成为主流，它取代商标权使用取得模式具有必然性，因为它更利于经营者取得和保护商标权，更符合现代商业发展规律，也更契合商标权的对世权属性。然而，注册取得模式在理论上违背了传统商标理论，在实践中导致"垃圾商标"泛滥成灾，是造成我国商标审查效率低下和商标使用秩序混乱的罪魁祸首。我国《商标法》在第三次修改时，应吸收注册取得和使用取得模式的精髓并避免其缺陷，采取"使用＋注册"的商标权取得模式。

关键词：商标权注册取得使用取得"使用＋注册"取得

邓宏光，法学博士，西南政法大学民商法学院副教授。

［Abstract］Registration has replaced use as the mainstream mode of acquisition of trademark right because it places traders and operators in a more advantageous position in the protection and acquisition of trademark right. It also corresponds better to the development of modern trade and commerce and to the jus in re attributes of trademark right. On the other hand, however, this "registration mode" conflicts with traditional trademark theory, has led to an overflow of "rubbish trademarks" in practice, and therefore is blamed for the inefficiency of trademark examination system and the disorder in the use of trademark in China. In view of the above fact, the author suggests that the third amendment to Trademark Law shall adopt a new mode of acquisition of trademark right, namely acquisition through "use and registration", which shall combine the advantages and avoid the drawbacks of both modes.

（责任编辑：天支）

论社会权的宪法规范基础

论社会权的宪法规范基础本文得到2008年度黑龙江省社科研究规划项目"和谐社会建构中平等权保障的理论与实践"的资助，特此感谢。

王蕾

内容提要：尽管我国学界主流观点倾向于肯定社会权的宪法基本权利性质，但却只是基于"事实平等"应得到保障这样的价值追求上的理由，而未能提供一个宪法规范意义上的依据。因此，有必要通过确立"事实平等"在宪法平等规范中的地位，论证"事实平等"这项价值追求乃是宪法平等规范的应有之意，来为社会权寻得一个更为坚实的宪法规范基础。

关键词：社会权基本权利事实平等平等规范

王蕾，黑龙江大学法学院讲师，法学博士。

［Abstract］In recent years, greater attention has been paid by the government and the general public to social problems such as the polarization between the poor and the rich, environmental pollution and the defective social security system, and these problems have led to a heated discussion over social rights in legal community. Although the mainstream theory tends to treat social rights as basic constitutional rights, yet such theory is based on the value pursuit that "de facto equality must be guaranteed", rather than on constitutional norms. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the position of 'de facto equality' as a constitutional norm on equality, so as to find a steadier basis of constitutional norms for social rights.

（责任编辑：支振锋）

心理测试结论中有效与无证据资格的冲突

叶自强

内容提要：在我国民事诉讼和刑侦实践中，或明或暗地存在着心理测试结论的有效与无证据资格的冲突。本文深入研究了该冲突的表现形式，揭示了本质，提出了如下观点：心理测试技术不能被界定为一项新的科学技术；只允许设立少数心理测试机构以鼓励科学探索，测试机构及其人员必须保持严格的中立性和独立性；心理测试技术只能在严格遵循科学道德和司法道德的前提下，试用于刑事侦查中；在民事诉讼（以及行政诉讼及国家机关或企业事业单位考核招聘工作）中等要禁止使用心理测试技术。

关键词：心理测试结论有效证据资格

叶自强,中国社会科学院法学研究所研究员。

［Abstract］In Chinese civil proceedings and criminal investigations, there has always been a conflict, either overt or covert, between the validity of the result of psychological test and the lack of qualification of such test as evidence. This article, based on an in-depth study of the form and essence of this conflict, puts forward the following viewpoints. Firstly, the technology of psychological test should not be defined as a new scientific technology. Secondly, only a small number of institutions of psychological test should be allowed to set up to encourage the scientific exploration on this technology. Such institutions and their staff members must maintain strict neutrality and independence and they may not be set up inside criminal investigation organs. Thirdly, the technology of psychological test can be used in criminal investigation on a trial basis only on condition that scientific and judicial ethics will be strictly abided by. And fourthly, psychological test should be prohibited in civil proceedings （or in administrative proceedings, as well as in the recruitment of employees for state organs or state-owned enterprises).

（责任编辑：黄列）

明清判牍中的亲属争讼

汪雄涛

内容提要：明清时期，民众为日常小利争讼，甚至发生斗殴命案并不鲜见。对《折狱新语》和《槐卿政迹》中判牍的统计表明，亲属争讼的比例约占三成左右。兄弟、叔嫂、婶侄之间争讼之激烈，让我们很难想象当时的社会存在普遍的伦理约束。同时，宗族权威并没能有效地化解亲属争讼，宗族观念更多地成为侵夺利益的藉口，而不是伦理规范的后盾。因此，明清时期的儒家伦理对民众行为的影响可能需要重新检讨。

关键词：亲属争讼明清判牍伦理宗族

汪雄涛，云南大学法学院讲师，法学博士。

［Abstract］During the Ming and Qing dynasties, disputes among common people over trifling interests often led to lawsuits, even to homicide cases. Statistics in two compilations of cases at that time-Li Qing's "Zhe Yu Xin Yu" and Shen Yanqing's "Huai Qing Zheng Ji"-showed that about 30% of the lawsuits during that period involved relatives. Those disputes were so fierce that it's hard to imagine any general ethical constraints existed at that time. Meanwhile, the authority of clan failed to effectively resolve disputes among relatives; rather, it had become more of an excuse for infringing upon others' interests than a backup of ethical norms. Therefore, the influence of Confucian ethics on behaviors of the populace in the Ming and Qing dynasties may need to be reexamined.

（责任编辑：支振锋）

论违法与过错认定

论违法与过错认定--以德美两国法的比较为基础本文系国家社科基金项目"侵权法立法研究"（项目批准号：07BFX033）的阶段性研究成果。

叶名怡

内容提要：违法与过错认定关系密切。德国侵权法规定，违反保护性法律即推定或推论行为人有过错。美国法上行为"本身即侵权"理论则确认，违反保护性法律即被推定有过错，违反非保护性法律被视为存在过错的相关证据。保护性法律的特征体现在个别保护、受保护主体、客体等方面，对其甄别主要依靠法律解释。被违反之法律的特性与过错认定的强度有直接关联。此规则勾连了侵权法与其他部门法，有效地统合了违法与过错，并有利于保护受害人，理应为我国侵权立法所借鉴。

关键词：违法过错推定

叶名怡，西北政法大学民商法学院讲师，法学博士。

［Abstract］Illegality is closely related to the determination of fault. German tort law prescribes that an actor who violates a protective law shall be presumed to be in fault. The theory of "tort per se " in U.S. law confirms that fault shall be presumed on account of violation of protective law and the violation of non-protective law shall be deemed as evidence of existence of fault. Protective law is characterized by the protection of individuals as well as by the subjects and objects of protection, and it can be distinguished from other laws mainly by way of legal interpretation. There is a direct connection between the nature of the law violated and the extent of fault determined. This rule serves as a link between tort law and other branches of law, effectively integrates illegality and fault, is conducive to the protection of victims, and therefore should be taken as reference by Chinese legislature in the formulation of tort law.

（责任编辑：凌云）历史、程序、组织

历史、程序、组织--美国联邦上诉法院制度之分析

陈杭平

内容提要：美国联邦上诉法院是最成功的上诉法院制度范例之一。本文通过历史的、程序的以及组织的三种视角对其展开分析，揭示其特殊的历史成因，以及内在程序与组织结构在案件负荷不断增长的外部压力下，如何进行调整，并维持法律审的基本功能和价值不变。

关键词：上诉法院制度程序组织

陈杭平，对外经济贸易大学法学院讲师，法学博士。

［Abstract］The system of United States Federal Court of Appeals is one of the most successful examples of appeal court system in the world and therefore is worthy of study. Through analysis from historical, procedural and organizational perspectives, this article reveals the special historical causes for the formation of the system of U.S. federal appeal courts, and how the system adapts its internal procedures and organizational structure to increasing case load under the external pressure and maintains its basic functions and value.

（责任编辑：天支）

德国新债法中附随义务的构造

李昊

内容提要：附随义务是德国债法发展的产物，经由德国法院和学者的努力，这一义务在2002年的德国债法修订中被纳入《德国民法典》，正式成为法定债务类型。附随义务是与主给付义务相对称的概念，可分为与履行相关的附随义务（从给付义务）和与履行不相关的附随义务（保护义务），前者又与主给付义务一起构成给付义务。对于从给付义务和保护义务的区分标准，德国学者提出了众多学说，而所谓的保护义务又与德国侵权法中的交易安全义务有着密不可分的联系。

关键词：给付义务附随义务保护义务交易安全义务

李昊，北京航空航天大学法学院讲师，法学博士。

［Abstract］Subordinated duty is the product of the development of German law of obligations. With efforts made by German courts and scholars, such duty was incorporated in the German Civil Code during the amendment of German law of obligations in 2002, and thereby became a type of legal obligation. As a correlative to main duty of performance （Hauptleistungspflichten), subordinated duty can be divided into two categories: the duty related to performance （Leistunspflicht) and the duty not related to performance （Schutzpflicht). For the test defining Leistunspflicht and Schutzpflicht, there are many doctrines put forward by German scholars. When discussing the so-called Schutzpflicht, it is also closely related to the duty of care in German tort law （Verkehrspflichten).

（责任编辑：廖凡）

美国专利侵权的禁令救济

和育东

内容提要：美国法院对专利侵权发出永久禁令救济要符合衡平法原则，即满足原告有合法的权利请求、未来侵害是逼近的而且损害赔偿是不充分的、禁令给被告造成的困难并非不成比例地大于给原告的收益、符合公共利益等"四要件"。法院发出初步禁令则要考虑"四因素"，这与"四要件"标准既有联系又有明显的区别。

关键词：专利侵权永久禁令初步禁令

和育东，中国社会科学院法学研究所博士后，北京化工大学文法学院副教授、硕士生导师。

［Abstract］Permanent injunction against patent infringement issued by the court in the U.S. should be in line with the principle of equity. That is to say, it must satisfy the "four elements" test: that the plaintiff must have a valid claim against the defendant, that the potential harm is imminent and the damage is insufficient, that the hardships an injunction may bring to the defendant is not disproportionate to the benefits it may bring to the plaintiff, and that the issuance of the injunction is in the public interest. In issuing temporary injunction, courts should take into consideration "four factors", which are related to but apparently different from the "four elements" test for permanent injunction.

（责任编辑：凌云）

论知识产权国际立法的后TRIPS发展

论知识产权国际立法的后TRIPS发展本文系湖南省社科基金项目《知识产权客体的理论范畴》（项目编号：07YBB070）的中期成果，同时受"中国博士后科学基金资助项目"资助。

王太平 熊琦

内容提要：TRIPS协议生效以来，发达国家及其知识产权产业集团继续推动着国际知识产权扩张，发展中国家和全球市民社会组织则开始反抗TRIPS协议。在后TRIPS时代，知识产权国际立法在立法趋势、立法体制、立法内容、立法主体和立法形式方面表现出不同以往的诸多特点，其原因在于知识产权国际立法的控制与反控制力量激烈博弈的继续、TRIPS协议的压力、发展中国家的体制转换策略、经济全球化、市场化、跨国资本主义的发展、TRIPS协议的立法特点等。后TRIPS时代的知识产权国际立法变得更为公平和平衡，但知识产权国际立法日趋复杂化，知识产权的国际保护更为不稳定和不确定。

关键词：TRIPS协议后TRIPS发展知识产权国际立法

王太平，湘潭大学知识产权学院副教授，中南财经政法大学知识产权研究中心博士后研究人员。

熊琦，中国人民大学法学院博士研究生。

［Abstract］Since coming into force of the TRIPS agreement, developed countries and their IP industrial groups have continued to push for the expansion of the scope of international IP while developing countries and global civil society organizations having been organizing opposition to the TRIPS agreements. International IP lawmaking in post-TRIPS era has displayed many new features in terms of the legislative trend, legislative regime, legislative content, legislative subject and form of lawmaking. There are many different causes for this change, including the continued fierce struggle between pro and anti-control forces in international IP lawmaking, the pressure from TRIPS, the developing countries' strategy of institutional transformation, economic globalization, marketization, development of transnational capitalism, and the legislative characteristics of TRIPS. The post-TRIPS international IP lawmaking is becoming fairer and more balanced than ever before. However, due to the developing countries' strategy of institutional transformation, the participation by private sectors and the emergence of a large number of soft laws, post-TRIPS International IP lawmaking also becomes more and more complicated and there is increasing instability and uncertainty in the international protection of IP.

（责任编辑：天支）　

偏离权配额交易--改革WTO体制下补偿制度的一种新思路

韩永红

内容提要：现行WTO争端解决机制下的补偿主要是敦促被诉方执行其建议和裁决的一种工具，难以承载国内法和一般国际法上补偿制度的强制性赔偿功能。关于补偿制度改革，已有建议主要包括改为金钱补偿和不予改革两种，但两者均因受制于法律理想与政治现实之间的矛盾而难以推进。新的改革思路--"偏离权配额交易"--基本满足三个条件：政治上的可接受性、顾及WTO成员从多边自由贸易体制中获益的能力差异以及与WTO所追求目标的可兼容性。

关键词：WTO争端解决机制补偿改革偏离权配额交易

韩永红，广东外语外贸大学讲师，西南政法大学国际法专业博士研究生。

［Abstract］The existing compensation under the WTO dispute settlement mechanism is designed to be a device to prompt compliance with its recommendations or rulings of the DSB by the defendant, rather than serving the purpose of compulsory compensation for losses under the compensation system in domestic laws and in international law as well. Currently, there are mainly two different proposals on the reform of the compensation system: pecuniary compensation and no-reform approach -both are difficult to implement due to the conflict between legal ideals and political reality. A new approach to improving the compensation under the WTO dispute settlement mechanism is the "system of non-compliance quota trade". This system basically meets three requirements: being politically acceptable, taking into account the discrepancy among WTO Members in the capacity of availing the multilateral free trade system, and being reconcilable with the aim of the WTO.

（责任编辑：廖凡）