《环球法律评论》09年第3期中英文目录及提要

主题研讨： 法律实证主义研究 1

引言：法哲学元命题的追问 徐炳 支振锋 5

裁判与法律 [英]蒂莫西·恩迪科特 7

从社会事实到法律规范

--作为社会实践的法律 支振锋 20

论法律实证主义的权威理论 朱 峰 44

法学实证主义初探 张 超 57

理论前沿

预算国家：财政法治的理想

----源自美国的经验与启示 徐阳光 66

伊斯兰继承制度的本土化及其对我国继承立法的启示

--以青海世居回族、撒拉族继承习惯为例 王 刚75

论"不受拘束"意思表示的效力 张定军88

心理强制时代的侦查讯问规制 吴纪奎97

介绍与评论

美国仲裁发展模式考察 陈福勇107

日本反垄断法实施中的竞争政策和产业政策 戴 龙 117

美国犯罪被害人政府补偿制度介评 王瑞君125

国际法问题研究

《鹿特丹规则》述评 郭萍 张文广133

域外论文选译

刑事被害人救助与刑事被害人权利在亚洲地区的发展进程

[日]太田达也著 武小凤　译 145

《环球法律评论》09年第3期内容摘要

裁判与法律

蒂莫西·恩迪科特

内容提要：法院对被告溯及性地课加新的法律责任，是可以与正义和法治相兼容的。但其实法官并不需要区分，他是在课加一个新的责任、还是在执行争议事件发生时被告本就已有的一个责任。通过询问下述问题就可区分这二者：在判决之前，法律系统的各种制度已经将哪种法院判决理由委托给了法院去以此为根据采取行动？本文通过评价H.L.A.哈特和罗纳德·德沃金的最后一次论战解释了这些结论。

[Abstract] It can be compatible with justice and the rule of law for a court to impose a new legal liability retrospectively on a defendant. But the judge does not need to distinguish whether he/she is imposing a new liability, or giving effect to a liability the defendant had already been held when the dispute arose. The distinction can simply be drawn by considering the following point, that is, upon what reasons for decisions the various institutions under the legal system had authorized the court to take action concerned. The author explains these conclusions by commenting the last episode in the debates between H. L. A. Hart and Ronald Dworkin.

从社会事实到法律规范

--规则的社会实践理论

支振锋

支振锋，法学博士，中国社会科学院法学研究所助理研究员。

[内容摘要]为什么要遵守法律？一种法哲学传统认为是由于法律所内蕴的自然、神谕、理性及道德等内容，而法实证主义则认为法律本身就是行动的理由，并试图将法律的规范性溯源至主权者创制法律的行为这一社会事实。因此，它的一个理论任务就是论证如何从社会事实推出法律规范。边沁、奥斯丁与哈特都分别进行了努力，但都各具缺陷。而如果以承认规则作为理论工具，以社会成规论与共担合作性活动理论作为运思资源，就可以很好地论证出社会实践如何产生法律规则，从而为这个法哲学的元命题提供一个具有解释力的说明。

[关键词]规范性、社会规则、社会成规、共担合作性活动、社会实践

Why must people abide by the law？One legal philosophy tradition holds that the answer lies in the nature, the God's will, reason and morality which are the inherent contents of the law, whereas legal positivism tradition maintains that the law itself is the very reason for the action, and it tries to trace the normative nature of the law to the social fact, namely the law-making by the sovereign state. One of the theoretical tasks for legal positivism, therefore, is to prove how legal norms have been deduced from the social facts. Bentham, Austin and Hart had made painstaking efforts in this respect, but none of them had succeeded in providing convincing arguments. However, if taking the rule of recognition as a theoretical tool and the theories of social convention and shared cooperative activities as intellectual resources, we can prove how social practice produces the legal rules successfully, and provide an explanatory exposition for this meta-proposition in legal philosophy.

法律权威：一种制度性事实

--解析法律实证主义的权威理论

朱 峰

内容提要：本文是对法律实证主义权威理论的总结与介绍。一直以来，法律权威问题作为一个潜话题存在于法律实证主义与自然法学关于法律与道德问题的争议中。法律实证主义者在为法律权威寻找经验性基础的过程中，发展出三种不同的权威观，即奥斯丁的"强制性"权威观、哈特的"内在面向"权威观与拉兹的"服务性"权威观。在这三种权威观中，我发现了法律实证主义权威理论的三个特点，即法律权威是一种特殊的实践权威；从"外在面向"权威观到"内在面向"权威观的转向；以及法律权威事实面向与规范面向的结合。

关键词："强制性"权威观 "内在面向"权威观 "服务性"权威观

实践权威 "外在面向"权威观 事实面向 规范面向

Legal Authority: A Kind of Constitutional Fact

--On the Authority Theory of Legal Positivism

Zhu Feng

Abstract: This article aims to summarize and introduce the concept of the authority of law upheld by legal positivism. Being a hidden topic, the authority of law has always existed in the debate over the issue of law and morality between legal positivism and natural law. In the efforts to identify the empirical basis for the authority of law, legal positivists have developed three different approaches to the concept of authority, that is, the "coercive" approach by John Austin, the "internal aspect" approach by H. L. A. Hart and the "service" approach by Joseph Raz. Among these three approaches, the author finds three characteristics: the authority of law refers to a special kind of practice authority; the transformation from "external aspect" to "internal aspect"; and an integration of factual and normative aspects of the concept of authority.

初访法学实证主义

张超

内容提要：19世纪初至上半叶，由历史法学派开启，经概念法学的铺垫，到以温特沙伊德为代表的学说汇纂学派，概念与体系性建构的法学达致巅峰，法学实证主义的观念自在其中发端和成长。法学实证主义与法律实证主义等其他实证主义类型有所区别。究其实质，法学实证主义表达了两个相互关联的基本命题，一是法学的科学性，一是法学的自主性。探讨法学实证主义的目的就在于厘定和评价这两个命题，呈现它们的价值和意义，并在此基础上思考我们这个时代法学的使命。

关键词：法学实证主义 科学性 自主性

[Abstract] During the first half of the 19th century, jurisprudence of conceptual and systematic construction, started from Historische Rechtsschule, and further promoted by Begriffsjurisprudenz, finally reached its supreme achievement in Pandektenwissenschaft. Accompanying this line of development, the notion of jurisprudential positivism emerged and took shape. Different from other forms of positivism, such as legal positivism, jurisprudential positivism illustrates mainly two interdependent propositions. One concerns the scientific nature of jurisprudence, and the other relates to the independent nature of jurisprudence. The aim of this article is to identify and evaluate these two propositions, so as to reveal their value and significance. Moreover, on the basis of the study, one can examine the mission of jurisprudence in our time.

预算国家：财政法治的理想

--源自美国的经验与启示

徐阳光

摘要：预算是国家财政体制的核心，现代预算制度是法治国家的基本要求，由税收国家向预算国家转型，则是现代法治国家的普遍经验。英国、法国、美国遵从三种不同的路径，均成功实现了由税收法定向预算法定的转变，构建了现代预算法治国家，为其经济社会的发展提供了重要的制度保障。美国构建算国家构建的经验，对发展中国家尤其具有参考价值。中国目前正处于税收国家发展的成熟期，迫切需要向预算国家转型，而现实的途径则是在财政统一和财政监督交替进行的模式中，加快预算法制建设，建设现代预算制度，完善财政法治体系。

关键词：税收国家；预算国家；税收法定；预算法定；财政统一

Abstract：Budget plays a key role within the national public finance system, and a modern budget system is one of the basic requirements of a rule-of-law country. To transform from a tax state to a budgetary state is the common experience of modern rule-of-law countries. For example, Britain, France and the US have followed three different approaches by successfully transforming from models of legal taxation to legal budget, thus established the modern budget system that has provided important protection for their economic and social development respectively. The approach taken by the US is of particular reference to developing countries. At present, China performs pretty well as a tax state, but there is a crying need to transforming China into a budget state. A practical approach for China today is to accelerate the reform of Budget Law, build up the modern budget system under the conditions of dual mechanisms of consolidated finances and the financial supervision, so to realize the goal of rule of law in public finance.

伊斯兰继承制度的本土化及其对我国继承立法的启示

--以青海世居回族、撒拉族继承习惯为例

王 刚

内容提要：伊斯兰继承制度是伊斯兰法的重要组成部分之一，在继承主体、继承方式、继承原则及遗产分配等方面均有其优点。然而，在伊斯兰文化和儒家文化的共同影响下，伊斯兰继承制度在我国回族、撒拉族等民族的生产生活中已被异化。本土化的回族、撒拉族继承习惯源于伊斯兰法却异化为颇具民族特色的继承习惯。我国继承立法应从立法技术，继承主体地位平等和广泛性、传统知识继承、国家法对少数民族习惯的有效整合等方面对伊斯兰继承制度之合理部分予以借鉴，以期对构建少数民族地区法治和谐有所裨益。

关键词：伊斯兰继承制度 本土化 少数民族继承习惯 和谐社会

[Abstract] Islamic inherence system is an important part of Islamic law, with advantages in subject, ways of and principle of inherence as well as distribution of heritage. However, under the influence of Islamic culture and Confucian culture, Islamic inherence system has been alienated in the living of Hui and Sa-la ethnic minorities. Localized inherence customs of Hui and Sa-la ethnic minorities originated in Islamic law have changed into inherence customs with distinctive ethnic characteristics. Inherence legislation of China may learn from the reasonable parts of Islamic inherence system, through updating legislative technology, adhering to the equality and extensiveness of inherence subject, passing on traditional knowledge and integrating customary law of ethnic minorities with national law. These efforts will be helpful to the rule-of-law and harmoniousness in the regions of ethnic minorities.

论"不受拘束"意思表示的效力

张定军

[内容提要]：对附有"不受拘束"条款的意思表示，应根据具体情况确定其性质，一般情况下应确定为要约邀请，有些情况下宜确定为保留撤销权的要约，有些情况下可认定为已成立合同所附条件。

关键词：不受拘束 意思表示 要约 要约邀请

Abstract: In regard to declaration of intention with a non-obligatory clause, one should determine its nature according to the concrete situation of the case. Generally speaking, it can be regarded as an invitation of offer. Under certain circumstances, it may be regarded as an offer with the right to revoke. And under some other circumstances, it may be identified as a condition attached to a concluded contract.

心理强制时代的侦查讯问规制

吴纪奎

摘要：由于人权保障呼声的高涨以及对身体强制审讯方法弊端认识的深入，我国司法实践中的审讯策略正面临着由身体强制向心理强制的转型。而近年来美国司法实践中频频暴露出的由心理强制导致的强迫虚假供述为我国认识看待心理强制审讯策略提供了一个实践性的样本。在心理强制的审讯时代，要想有效防止心理强制导致的强迫虚假供述，我们必须从强化审讯时间以及心理强制策略的规制、加强特殊群体的保护、建立科学的"三步审查法"以及实施警察讯问录音录像制度入手。

关键词：心理强制 强迫虚假供述 防范

Abstract: With the strong demand of the protection of human rights and the increasing recognition of the defects of physical coerciveness, the interrogative method used in judicial practice in our country is undergoing the transformation from the physical coerciveness to the psychological coerciveness. The frequently exposed false confessions that were caused by psychologically coercive method in judicial practice in the US in recent years have provided us with a practical example to appropriately examine the psychologically coercive method. In the times of psychological coerciveness, in order to prevent coerced false confession effectively, we should take measures to regulate strictly the time limit of interrogation and psychologically coercive methods used, strengthen the protection of the vulnerable people, establish the "three-step" evaluation method of confession and implement the system of videotaping during interrogations.

美国仲裁发展模式考察

陈福勇

内容摘要：我国引进了西方关于仲裁的法律规则，却对如何促使仲裁在一个社会中充分发挥其作用的实践经验几乎完全漠视，实践中问题层出不穷。本文以美国为例，首先勾勒了美国早期的仲裁发展状况，接着着重考察美国仲裁协会成立之后，美国在发展仲裁过程中所形成的模式，分析这一模式的思想基础、实践特征和运行效果，最后对美国仲裁发展模式进行评价并指出对我国的启示。

关键词：仲裁 发展模式 美国仲裁协会 仲裁学

Abstract: China has introduced arbitration law from western countries, but has not paid serious attention to the experience gained in this field, that is, how to make arbitration function at its best in those countries concerned. In practice, various problems have come up, waiting for proper handlings. Based on the experience of the US, this article first gives a brief account of the development of arbitration in early American history, and then examines the pattern shaped in the process of development after the establishment of the American Arbitration Association. Focuses have been given to ideological ground,, practical characteristics and effectiveness of the operation of arbitration in American society. In the end, some comments are made on the American pattern of arbitration development and how China can benefit from the American experience.

日本反垄断法实施中的竞争政策和产业政策

戴 龙

内容提要：日本反垄断法在过去的60年间经历一个曲折的发展过程。现在，反垄断法越来越受到日本政府的重视，被称为是经济法中的基本法。日本反垄断法的实施中体现了竞争政策和产业政策的对立和统一，在实践中积累了丰富的经验。现在，追求两者的协调发展是日本反垄断当局和部门主管机关的共同执法目标。我国刚颁布实施的反垄断法也将追求竞争政策和产业政策的协调发展作为指导原则，分析研究日本反垄断法的实施经验对于我国有重要的借鉴价值。

关键词：竞争政策、产业政策、反垄断法、公正交易委员会

Abstract: The development of Japan's anti-monopoly law has undergone many twists and turns in the past 60 years. Now, more and more attention has been paid to the anti-monopoly law by Japanese government and it is regarded as a basic law under the regime of economic law. In the course of the implementation of anti-monopoly law, we can see both the contradiction and unity of competition policy and industrial policy. A rich experience has been accumulated accordingly. Today, the pursuit of a coordinated development of the competition policy and industrial policy is the common objective of the JFTC and competent agencies concerned. In China, the newly promulgated anti-monopoly law also establishes the guiding principle of coordinated development of competition policy and industrial policy. Japan's experience in the implementation of anti-monopoly law is of important reference value to China.

美国犯罪被害人政府补偿制度介评

王瑞君

内容提要：在美国，自1965年加利福尼亚州率先通过犯罪被害人政府补偿条例以来，其他各州相继引进了该制度。1984年联邦补偿法案的通过及自此开始的资金援助，推动了各州补偿制度的建立。至1992年，美国各州都建立了犯罪被害人政府补偿制度。美国犯罪被害人政府补偿涉及补偿理论依据、补偿的实质要件和程序运作、资金来源、争议解决先等方面，是一个迄今仍充满挑战并不断发展的制度。

关键词：犯罪被害人 政府补偿 美国

［Abstract］After the first State Crime Victims' Compensation Act was adopted in California in 1965, similar systems have been introduced in other states of the U.S. As a result of the adoption of the 1984 Federal Compensation of Victims of Crime Act and the establishment of federal funding assistance, the system has been further promoted throughout the country. By 1992, all states had established the system of state compensation program. This article discusses the theoretical basis, substantive requirements, procedure, sources of funding and settlement of disputes of state compensation of crime victims in the US.

《鹿特丹规则》述评

郭萍 张文广

内容提要：2008年12月11日，联合国大会正式通过了《联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》，并建议将公约命名为《鹿特丹规则》。本文在介绍该公约主要内容的基础上，比较了公约与《海牙规则》、《维斯比规则》、《汉堡规则》及我国《海商法》的主要区别并加以评析，最后提出对我国《海商法》修改的立法建议。

关键词：《鹿特丹规则》 海运公约 海商法修改 运输法公约

Commentary on the Rotterdam Rules

Abstract: The United Nations General Assembly formally adopted the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea on 11, December 2008, and recommended that the rules embodied in the Convention be known as "The Rotterdam Rules". In this article, the authors first introduce the main contents of the Convention, and then compare the Convention with the Hague Rules, the Visby Rules, the Hamburg Rules and the Chinese Maritime law. Differences among these documents have been noted on the basis of the comparison. lastly,the authors propose some recommendations concerning the revision of the Chinese Maritime Law.