I. Basic Information
Professor Liu Xiaomei, female,Ph.D. in Law, was born in Honghu City, Hubei Province in March 1977.Currently she is a research fellow at CASS Institute of International Law, a professor and supervisor of master’s students at CASS Graduate School, a professor at University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; and thedeputy head librarian of CASS Law Library. Her other full-time and part-time positions include: Deputy Secretary General of the Constitutional Law Research Committee of China Law Society; Deputy Secretary General of the Legislative Law Research Committee of Beijing Law Society; Specially-engaged Research Fellow at Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences; expert of the National Railway Administration Expert Bank; expert of All-China Women’s Federation Expert Bank; a member of the Lecturers Group for the Implementation of the Seventh Five-year Plan for the Popularization of Law in Beijing; and a member of the Lecturers Group for the Implementation of the Seventh Five-year Plan for the Popularization of Law in Shanxi Province.
Constitutional law, legislative law and administrative law, especially the people’s congress system, legislative system, the capital city system, grassroots governance, human rights theory, and history of modern constitutional thoughts in China.
III. Teaching experience:
Professor Liu mainly teaches constitutional law. She has been awarded the honorary title of one of the “Top Ten Teachers” in 2014, 2015 and 2018. She has been the supervisor of seven graduate students, four of them have already received their master’s degree.
IV. Education and Past Work Experience
Sept. 1995-July 1999: Bachelor of Law, Faculty of Economic Law, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law;
Aug.1999-Aug.2001: teacher, the High School Affiliated to Zhongshan University;
Sept. 2001-July 2017: Mater of Law and Ph.D. in Law, China University of Political Science and Law;
Aug. 2007-Dec. 2009: Post-doctoral researcher, CASS Law Institute;
Dec. 2009 - new: researcher, CASS Institute of International Law.
V. Main Research Activities and Research Results
In the past ten years, Professor Liu has been mainly engaged in the research on the theoretical basis and Chinese characteristics of constitutional law and the construction of the rule of law, closely followed the development in such key areas as the reform of the supervision system and state organs, construction of legislative systems and mechanisms, construction of the rule of law in the capital, and construction of the rule of law at the grassroots level. She has published four monographs and over 20 academic articles in these areas. She has also paid close attention to the practical issues relating to the construction of the rule of law in China, actively organized or participated in many state- and provincial-level research projects and research projects sponsored by various state organs, conducted deep-going investigations on the rule of law practice, and written over 30 research reports and internal reports on related issues.
1. She has led or participated innumerous research projects, including the followings:
(1) Professor Liu Xiaomei has been in charge of two National Social Science Fund Projects: “Studies on the Mechanism for Citizens’ Participation in Community Governance and Its Rule of Law Safeguards” (2010) and “Investigation on the Development of 100 Counties during the 40 Years since the Reform and Opening-up: the Tongzhou Project” (2018). The 2018 project was rated as excellent project and its result – the Research Report on High-Level Construction of City Sub-Center – is published in the book “Reform and Opening-up and the County-level Development in China: Part 1” (Beijing: Social Science Academic Press, 2018).
(2) Ten other projects Led by Professor Liu Xiaomei
l “Studies on the Construction of Intelligent Court by the Administrative Trial Center of Shenzhen City”, a research project commissioned by Yantian Court of Shenzhen City, 2019;
l “Studies on Index of Law-based Work involving Complaints by Letters and Visits”, a research project commissioned by the Office of Complaints by Letters and Visits of the Government of Beijing Municipality, 2018;
l “Post-legislative Assessment on Energy Conservation Regulations for State-funded Institutions”, a project jointly commissioned by the Ministry of Justice and State Administration of Land and Resource, 2018;
l “Legislative Safeguard for the Determination and Realization of the Functions of the Capital”, a research project sponsored by the State Governance Think Tank of CASS, 2018;
l “Studies on the Legislative Safeguarding of the Realization of the Functions of the Capital”, a project sponsored by Beijing Law Society, 2017;
l “Studies on Legal Issues relating to the Election at the Expiration of Terms of Office”, a research project commissioned by the Party Committee of Shifang City, Sichuan Province, 2016;
l “Studies on Issues relating to the Legislation on the Capital against the Background of Coordinated Development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region”, a research project sponsored by Beijing Law Society, 2016;
l “Rule of Law Safeguards for the Grassroots Democratic Self-Governance”, a research project sponsored by Beijing Law Society, 2015;
l “Studies on the Rule of Law Safeguard for the Realization of the Core Functions of the Capital”, a research project commissioned by the Legislative Affairs Office of the Government of Beijing Municipality, 2014;
l “Studies on the Rule of Law Safeguard for Citizens’ Participation in Public Affairs in Urban Communities”, a research project funded by Youth Research Initiation Fund of CASS, 2010.
(3)She has also participated in over 20 other research projects. She was the person in charge of two sub-projects of major projects funded by the National Social Science Foundation: “The Organic Unity of Party’s Leadership, the People Being Masters of the Country and Ruling the Country by Law” (2007) and “Folk Norms and Local Legislation” (2017) and three sub-projects under the CASS Project on the Investigation of National Conditions and other key projects of CASS: “Studies on Local Rule of Law” (2017); “Ruling the Country by Law and the Modernization of State Governance” (2017) and “Studies on the Integrated Construction of a Law-based State, a Law-based Government and a Law-based Society” (2018).
2. She has closely followed the practical problems and hot issues in the construction of the rule of law, carried out timely application and countermeasure studies, written nearly 20 internal reports, won one first prize (2016) and three third prizes (in 2016 and 2017) for excellent countermeasures proposals awarded by CASS; published two theoretical articles in the People’s Daily. One of them, “the Chinese Road to a Strong Law-based State”, was awarded the prize for excellent theoretical article by the Publicity Department of the Central Committee of the CPC; and written over a dozen research reports. One of which, entitle “Making the Civil Administration Index System More Scientific and Modernizing the State Governance Capacity” (2015) won the third national prize for excellent research results in the field of civil administration policy.
3. She has paid special attention to the research on basic theories and so far has published four monographs, two co-authored books, over 20 academic articles, and more than a dozen research reports. Her representative works include “Studies on the Unique Characteristics of Constitutional Theories in Modern Chinese History”, “Studies on Issues relating to the Legislation on the Capital City against the Background of Coordinated Development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region”, “The Rule of Law Dimension of Grassroots Self-governance”, “Research Report on the Provincial-Level Local Legislation”, “The Cultural Basis of Constitutionalism in Modern Chinese History: The Confucian Outlook on the Relationship Between the Collective and the Individual”, “The State Supervision System and Mechanisms under the People’s Congress System” and “Promoting the Building of a Community with Shared Future for Mankind through the Development of Human Rights”,etc.
VI. Main Research Fields and Academic Viewpoints
1. The Constitution is the law adjusting the relations between the individual and the state. The characteristics of the constitutional law system in modern Chinese history originated from the unique understandings of the relationship between the state and the individual and the mode of existence of the individual in the life of the state. In her article “The Cultural Basis of Constitutionalism in Modern Chinese History: The Confucian Outlook on the Relationship Between the Collective and the Individual”, she holds that the western standard is not the only standard for understanding and defining individual freedoms. The unique way the relations between “human beings”, society and the state shaped by Chinese philosophy, culture and history constitutes the cultural basis and the prominent characteristic of the constitutional system in modern Chinese history. She analyzes the process and the form of the shaping of the relationship between the individual and the state (society) by the Chinese culture in the following three dimensions: “benevolence is the distinguishing characteristic of man”, “a monarch is someone who is good at organizing manpower and material resources”, and “he who governs is upright” and holds that the Chinese understanding of the relationship between the individual and the state should not be simply described as “the state-oriented” or “the individual-oriented”, but should be defined as the mutually internal relationship between the individual and the state.
On the basis of the above analysis and in the context of modernization construction in China, she puts forward in her monograph “Studies on the Unique Characteristics of Constitutional Theories in Modern Chinese History” the presupposition that the compatibility between individual and state interests and the priority given to the state interest are the theoretical basic points of the constitutional system in modern Chinese history.
She holds that the presupposition and the construction of the compatibility between individual and state interests justifies the constitutional value pursuit of national prosperity and strength, and determines the constitutional power structure and rights connotation, as well as the development road of ruling the country by constitution and law in China. By projecting the mutually internal and correlative relationship between individuals and between the individual and the state shaped by Chinese culture onto international relations, China puts forward the important initiative of constructing a community with shared future for mankind, thereby promoting the establishment of a new type of international relationship of mutual respect, fairness, justice, cooperation and mutual benefit. It is exactly from this angle that she interprets the unique connotation and Chinese wisdom of the initiative of constructing a community with shared future for mankind.
2. Professor Liu has closely followed the development of the legislative system and practice in China, and carried out theoretical and empirical researches at the macroscopic, mesoscopic and microscopic levels of such issues as state legislative systems and mechanisms, provincial legislative practices, special legislation and the legislative safeguards for the construction of the rule of law at the grassroots level.
In the annual reports on legislation published in the Blue Book on the Rule of Law in China and the article “Legislative Reform and the Construction of the System of Law”, she summarizes the achievements made, experiences gained and problems encountered by China in the construction of the rule of law during the 40 years of reform and opening-up, especially in recent years. In her monograph “Research Report on the Provincial-Level Local Legislation”, she summarizes the general rules and characteristics of provincial-level local legislation on the basis of the big data analysis of 5,637 pieces of provincial-level local legislation, and analyzes the dual function of provincial-level local legislation of implementing state laws and adopting local regulations and mechanisms for its realization under the “unified and hierarchical” legislative system.
In her monograph “the Rule of Law Dimension of Grassroots Self-governance”, she reviews and studies the legal system of grassroots democracy and grassroots self-governance and holds that the current urban-rural dual electoral pattern created by the constitution, local organic laws and the organic laws of villagers’ and residents’ committees has very limited “spillover effect” on the construction of democratic political system in the country, whereas grassroots participation and grassroots self-governance have a greater role to play and therefore it is especially important to strengthen the research on and construction of the state and folk laws in this area.
Law on the capital city is a new research area. Since 2014, she has led four research projects relating to the law on the capital city commissioned by the Legislative affairs Office of the Government of Beijing Municipality, Beijing Law Society and other organizations, and published the think tank report “Studies on Issues relating to the Legislation on the Capital City against the Background of Coordinated Development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region”, and two research reports and two articles in Annual Reports from Research Projects Sponsored by Beijing Law Society (2017), Post-doctoral Symposium (2017), Reform and Opening-up and the County-level Development in China: Part I (2018), and BFSU Legal Science (2019). In these reports, she defines the connotation of capital city and capital functions and puts forward proposals on the construction of corresponding power-responsibility relations and legal systems. Moreover, she has also carried out researches on such topics as intra-Party regulations, local environmental legislation, and embodiment of core values in legislation, and submitted many internal reports - some proposals in these reports have been adopted by Party or state leaders.
3. Professor Liu has also engaged in theoretical researches on the people’s congress system and the system of representative government. To teach graduate course on “the people’s congress system and the election system”, she has carried out thorough researches on theories of representative government and on historical materials on the people’s congress system, and have achieved some preliminary results in the research in these two areas. In her article “State Supervisory System and Mechanisms under the People’s Congress System”, she analyzes the dual supervision system that consists of the supervision over state organs and the supervision over civil servants from the perspective of the people’s congress system and the theory of representative government, and puts forward the opinion that the supervision over supervisory committees by people’s congresses should not take the form of simple work reporting. Instead, China should adopt a system whereby a supervisory committee reports their specific work to the standing committee of the people’s congress at the same level, while at the same time continuously enriching and innovating the mode of supervision by adopting different supervisory mechanisms.
VII. Introductions to Representative Works
1. The Rule of Law Dimension of Grassroots Self-Governance, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, April 2018
Democracy is not only a value concept, but more importantly, also a political practice: it is only through the practice of democratic politics can we know what kind of democratic politics can be developed in Chinese society and how to further improve the existing democratic political system. This book, by looking back at history, observing the current reality, and analyzing the relevant theories, puts forward the following original suggestions on the research of grassroots governance: (1) Analyzing “the spillover effect” of urban-rural grassroots self-governance on democracy and its mode and scope of action on the basis of the “upward and downward” two-way approach to the construction of democratic politics, the “upward and downward” two-way promotion of grassroots governance, the mutual development of electoral democracy and participatory democracy and the dual pattern of rural villagers’ self-governance and urban residents’ self-governance. (2) Taking community participation as the test field and training ground for participatory democracy, carrying out empirical study and analysis of the sense of political efficacy of community participation. (3) Transcending the limitation of simple “rule of law safeguard” in research perspective and analyzing the multiple rule-of-law dimensions of grassroots governance system, namely: grassroots governance needs to be effectively safeguarded by the construction of the rule of law in the country while at the same time directly contributing to and promoting the construction of the rule of law in the country; it is the most important field of the construction of law-based society while at the same time providing solid basis and key elements for the construction of a law-based state and a law-based government; and it is subject to both the hard regulation by state laws and the soft constraint by such civil-society norms as village rules and folk laws. (4) thoroughly reviewing the current laws and policies on grassroots self-governance, and putting forward concrete suggestions on improving the legal system of self-governance. This book expands the research horizon of and enriches the research results on grassroots democracy and social governance innovation.
2. “State Supervision System and Mechanisms under the People’s Congress System”, Tribune of Political Science and Law, 3 (2018)
This article holds that, under the people’s congress system and the principle governing the activities of state institutions, namely democratic centralism, the supervisory power performs the important modern governance function of “restraining power with power”. The reform of the supervisory system, by integrating supervisory powers and reconstituting the state supervisory system and the constitutional power structure, has developed a dual supervisory system under the people’s congress system in which the supervision over state organs and supervision over civil servants interlink and coordinate with each other while at the same time overlap and restrain each other. Under the “dual” supervisory system and the system of part-time deputies to people’s congresses, the supervision over supervisory committees by people’s congresses should not take the form of simple work reporting by supervisory committees to people’s congresses. Instead, China should adopt a system whereby a supervisory committee submits special work reports to the standing committee of the people’s congress at the same level, while at the same time continuously enriching and innovating the mode of supervision by adopting different supervision mechanisms. This article carries out insightful analysis of the reasonable mode of supervision over supervisory committees by people’s congresses and their standing committees from the perspectives of the theory of representative government and the principle of democratic centralism, which is of important theoretical significance and reference value to the improvement of the state supervisory system and the people’s congress system in China.
3. “Promoting the Building of a community with shared future for mankind through the Development of Human Rights”, Chinese Review of International Law, 3 (2018)
Since 2017, the idea of “building a community with shared future for mankind” has been written into the Report to the Nineteenth National Congress of the CPC, the Constitution of the CPC, the Preamble of the Chinese Constitution, as well as the resolutions of UN General Assembly, UN Security Council and UN Human Rights Council, thereby establishing the “big power diplomatic strategy” and highlighting the great contribution made by China to global governance. The concept, the connotation and the thought of “building a community with shared future for mankind” have been gradually developed by the CPC since its Eighteenth National Congress. However, the ideological resources and the practice of international cooperation go back to ancient times. The originality of this article lies in the following two aspects: firstly, it traces the ideological sources of “building a community with shared future for mankind” back to the common ideological resources of mankind, such as the Confucian idea of “the Great Harmony” in ancient China, the idea of city-state community in ancient Greece, the European theory of Utopian Socialism, the Kantian theory of cosmopolitanism, and the idea of “a community of free individuals” put forward by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the Communist Manifesto, and reviews the effective practices and limitations of UN and regional human rights bodies and human rights protection systems established after the World War II in protecting fundamental human rights, upholding world peace and constructing the post-war world order. Secondly, it points out that “building a community with shared future for mankind” also takes the joint creation of a better future for mankind as the basic objective and guaranteeing the full realization of human rights as the value basis and concrete approach. More specifically, it means taking the right of existence, the right to development and the right to pursue happiness as the primary human rights and promoting the development of the human rights cause in a new era and the establishment a more attainable, fairer and more just new world order.
VII. A List of Main Academic Achievements
Studies on the Unique Characteristics of the Constitutional Theory in Modern Chinese History, Beijing: Intellectual Property Publishing House, 2009;
The Rule of Law Dimension of Grassroots Self-Governance, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2018;
Studies on Issues relating to the Legislation on the Capital City against the Background of Coordinated Development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, China Social Sciences Press, 2017;
Research Report on Provincial-level Local Legislation: the Realization of the Dual Function of Local Legislation, Beijing: China Social Science Press, 2016;
Introduction to Studies on Complaints by Letters and Visits, co-author, Beijing: China Democracy and Law Press China, 2012;
The Rule of Law Textbook for Leading Cadres, co-author, Beijing: Party Building Books Publishing House, 2016;
Theory and Practice of ‘the Overall View on Rule of Law Publicity and Education’, co-author, Beijing: Social Sciences Press, 2016.
“Institutional Reform and the Innovation of the Organizational Law System”, 3 (2019) Journal of Northwest University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition);
“Deepening the Reform of the Supervisory System to Intensify the Fight against Corruption”, 3 (2019) China Today (English Edition);
“Studies on the Functional Positioning of Beijing City Sub-Center and Its Legislative Safeguards”, 1 (2019) BFSU Legal Science;
“State Supervision System and Mechanisms under the People’s Congress System”, 3 (2018) Tribune of Political Science and Law;
“Promoting the Building of a community with shared future for mankind through the Development of the Human Rights”, 3 (2018) Chinese Review of International Law;
“Seeking the Positive Interaction Between Online Public Opinions and Judicial Trial”, (the second author), 3 (2018) People’s Tribune;
“Legislative Reform and the Construction of the System of Law”, in The Rule of Law in China (1978-2018), Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, October 2018;
“A Brief Introduction to Foreign Legislation on Capital Cities and Capital Circles, in Creating a New Situation of the Construction of the Rule of Law” in China (The Sixth of Post-doctoral Symposium), Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, February 2018;
“Embodying the Requirements of Scientific, Democratic and Law-based Legislation”, China Discipline Inspection and Supervision Daily, March 17, 2018;
“The CPC’s Leadership Is the Most Essential Characteristic of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”, China Discipline Inspection and Supervision Daily, March 21, 2018;
“Providing Effective Constitutional Safeguards for the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation”, China Discipline Inspection and Supervision Daily, March 28, 2018;
“Following the Chinese Road with More Consciousness and Self-Confidence”, People’s Daily, August 27, 2017;
“Spectacular Achievements Made by China in the Establishment of the New Internet+ Party Building Mode, (the second author), 1 (2017) People’s Tribune;
“Analysis of Xi Jinping’s Thought on China’s Road to the Rule of Law”, 5 (2016) Legal Science Magazine;
“The National Security Law Fully Embodies the Principle of Human Rights Protection”, 8 (2016) People·Rule of Law;
“The Constitutional Review Mechanism in the Legal System”, (the second author), in Studies in Constitutional Law (vol. 10), Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, March 2016;
“The Chinese Road to a Strong Law-based State”, (the second author), People’s Daily, October 26, 2015;
“Human Rights Must Be Fully Respected and Safeguarded in Upholding National Security”, Guangming Daily, July 18, 2015;
“Democracy and the Rule of Law”, March (2015) China Today (English Edition);
“Le développement de la Chine nourri par la démocratie et le driot”, March (2015) China Today (French Edition);
“Characteristics of the System of Judicial Safeguarding of Human Rights and related Measures in China”, 11 (2014) Journal of Law Application;
“The Fourth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth CPC Central Committee in the Eyes of Foreign Experts”, Guangming Daily, November 10, 2014;
“Reflections on the Mechanism for Urban Community Participation” 5 (2014) Journal of Heilongjiang Administrative Cadre College of Politics and Law;
“A Preliminary Analysis of the Theory of Public Participation in Urban Community Governance”, in Ruling the Country by Law and Modernization of State Governance (The Fifth Post-doctoral Symposium), China Social Sciences Press, October 2014;
“Actuality and Prospects of Judicial Guarantee of Human Rights in China”, in Study on Worldwide Constitutional Law, vol. 4, China University of Political Science and Law Press,July 2014;
“The Formation and Evolution of Rights Outlook in Modern Chinese History”, in China Democracy Review, vol. 2, China Social Sciences Press, November 2013;
“The Basic Laws of HK and Macao SARs Aren’t Sub-national Constitutions in China”, (the second author), in Study on Worldwide Constitutional Law, vol. 3, China Global Culture Publishing House, July 2014;
“Comparison of the legislative Power of Representative Institutions in China and UK: an Examination from the Perspective of Democracy and the Rule of Law”, in New Understanding of the Rule of Law: a Comparative Study, Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, May 2011;
“On ‘Being People-oriented’ and Emergency Response”, (the second author), 2 (2010) Legal System and Economy;
“A Law-based Approaches to Citizens’ Participation in Urban Community Governance”, in Studies on Constitutional Law, vol. 11, Harbin: Heilongjiang University Press, 2010.
“The Basic Laws of HK and Macao SARs Aren’t Sub-national Constitutions in China”, in Study on Worldwide Constitutional Law, vol. 2, China Global Culture Publishing House, October 2010 (Hong Kong Edition);
“The Cultural Basic Point of Constitutionalism in Modern Chinese History: The Confucian Outlook on the Relationship Between the Collective and the Individual”, 6 (2009) Tribune of Political Science and Law;
“Analysis of the Channels of Legislative Participation by Citizens in Urban Communities”, in 10 (2009) Law Science Magazine;
“The Rhetoric of Constitutional Law: the Changing Status of the Citizen and Its Mode of Expression”, 5 (2009) Journal of Jishou University (Social Sciences);
“Channels and Procedures of Legislative Participation by Citizens in Communities”, in Public Participation in the Legislative Process, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, October 2009;
“The Rights Attribute of the Freedom of the Press”, in Studies in Constitutional Law (vol. 10), Chengdu: Sichuan University Press, August 2009;
“The Dilemma of Constitutional Values Behind the ‘Basic Law’ System” (the second author), in Chinese Yearbook of Constitutional Law (2008), Beijing: Law Press China, August 2009;
“The Relationship Between the Individual and the Collective from the Confucian Perspective”, 1 (2009) Post-doctoral Communication;
“Studies on Major Theoretical and Practical Issues in the Legislation on the Safeguarding of Human Rights”, 25 (2008) Academic Trends;
“The Unbearable Weight of Property Law: a Preliminary Analysis of the ‘Offside’ of Property Law in the Constitutional Law System” in Case Law Studies (vol. 1), Beijing: The Masses Publishing House, December 2008;
“Studies on the Conflicts Between Laws, Administrative Regulations and the Constitution”, (the second author), in Case Law Studies (vol. 1), Beijing: The Masses Publishing House, December 2008;
“Theoretical Reflections on Citizens’ Participation in Administrative Legislation”, 2 (2007) Administrative Law Review.
Research Reports
“Chinese Legislation in 2018”, in The Blue Book of the Rule of Law (2018), Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, February 2019;
“High-level Construction of City Sub-Centers”, in Reform and Opening-up and the County-level Development in China: Part 1, Beijing: Social Science Academic Press, December 2018;
“Chinese Legislation in 2017”, in The Blue Book of the Rule of Law (2017), Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, March 2018;
“Chinese Legislation in 2016”, in The Blue Book of the Rule of Law (2016), Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, March 2017;
“Chinese Legislation in 2014”, in The Blue Book of the Rule of Law (2014), Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, March 2015;
“Chinese Legislation in 2013”, in The Blue Book of the Rule of Law (2013), Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, March 2014;
“Strengthening and Perfecting the Legislation Made by People’s Congresses and Improving the Quality of Legislation”, in Local Experiences of Construction of the Rule of Law in China: The Guangdong Sample, Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, September 2015;
“The Enrichment of the Connotation of the Disciplinary Inspection Work by the Constitution of CPC adopted at the Sixteenth Party Congress” in The Discipline in the Constitution of CPC, Beijing: Founder Press, July 2015;
“Government Legislation and the Regulation of Normative Documents”, in The Guangdong Experience in the Construction of a Law-based Government, Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, July 2014;
“Innovations on the People’s Congress System in Guangdong Province”, in The Guangdong Experience in Promoting Reform and Opening-up by the Rule of Law, Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, November 2012.
